Carassius is a polyploid Carassius species complex. It includes sexual C. auratus and the domesticated goldfish with 100 chromosomes, as well as unisexual C. gibelio with more than 150 or 200 chromosomes. They are not only a kind of important aquaculture fish, but also a rare group of vertebrates with different ploidies, providing a potential opportunity for studying evolutionary mechanisms of unisexual polyploids. This study attempts to review the specificities and innovative insights of unisexual C. gibelio in evolutionary genetics and genomic anatomy, especially recent significant breakthroughs in precise breeding, and thereby summarizes the genetic improvement experiences, so as to further explore future development for aquaculture genetic breeding and seed industry.