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Research progress and prospects on the genetic characteristics and breeding of Pengze crucian carp
WANG Xuegeng, WU Biyu, CHEN Qianhui, LIANG Fang, WANG Junjie, LI Chao, DING Liyun, MAI Kangsen, ZHAO Jun
2025,49(3):039101-039101, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20240114309
Abstract:
The Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. pengsenensis) is a subspecies of the crucian carp characterized by natural gynogenesis, rapid growth, large body size, and high adaptability. These traits render it a valuable and economically important aquatic species in China. In recent years, two notable varieties of Pengze crucian carp, the Platinum fertility crucian carp and the Suifeng crucian carp, have generated significant economic benefits. This review summarized research progress on Pengze crucian carp over the past four decades, covering its biological characteristics, breeding technology, and hybridization with other fish species. Additionally, we highlighted efforts to develop the Platinum fertility crucian carp and Suifeng crucian carp. Finally, we discussed key challenges and unresolved issues that must be addressed in the near future and propose potential directions for future research on Pengze crucian carp in aquaculture.
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Mitochondrial genome sequencing of Solenocera melantho and phylogenetic analysis of Penaeoidea
SUN Yuman, CHEN Jian, XU Kaida, YE Yingying
2025,49(3):039102-039102, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20230313946
Abstract:
To expand research on molecular identification techniques, germplasm resource evaluation, and systematic evolution in Solenoceridae shrimp, we utilized second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology to obtain the complete mitochondrial genome of Solenocera melantho. The mitochondrial genes were annotated, and their sequence structure was analyzed. The total length of the S. melantho mitogenome was 15 940 bp, with a base composition of A (35.66%), T (32.00%), G (11.14%), and C (21.20%); the A+T content was 67.66%, indicating a pronounced AT bias. The S. melantho mitogenome encodes a total of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. Of these, 14 genes were located on the negative strand, while 23 genes were located on the positive strand, showing similarity to other Solenoceridae mitogenomes. Most PCGs initiated with typical codons ATG and ATT, but ACG for cox1, ATC for atp8, and ATA for nad5. The termination codons for cox1, cox2, cox3, nad3, and nad5 were incomplete, all being T--, while cob terminated with TAG, and all other PCGs used TAA as the termination codon. trnS1 lacked the DHU arm, and trnY lacked the acceptor stem, whileas the remaining 20 tRNAs exhibited the typical cloverleaf structure. Leu and Ser were the most commonly used amino acids, and GGA, UUA, and CGA were the three most frequently used codons. For selection pressure analysis, 10 representative species were selected from 5 families under Penaeoidea, revealing that all PCGs in Penaeoidea experienced purifying selection during evolution. Additionally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the 13 PCGs from the complete mitogenomes of 32 species from the 5 families under Penaeoidea. The results supported the monophyly of Solenoceridae and indicated that S. melantho was most closely related to S. crassicornis. This study filled the gap in the molecular biology of S. melantho, clarified its systematic evolutionary position, explored gene rearrangement characteristics among species, and provided more references for studying interspecific evolution in Penaeoidea through phylogenetic analysis.
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Effect and mechanism of bisphenol A on apolipoprotein E gene in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)
JU Jian, ZHU Zhu, YANG Hui, WEI Wenzhi, ZHANG Yingying
2025,49(3):039103-039103, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220613546
Abstract:
Bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer with estrogenic activity, has significant effects on male reproduction. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays an important role in the transport process of lipids, such as triglycerides and cholesterol in spermatozoa. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the ApoE gene in testis and its regulatory mechanism, to elucidate the potential relationship between BPA-induced male reproductive problems and lipid metabolism. Rare minnows were exposed to BPA (15 μg/L) for 1, 3 and 5 weeks. The effects of BPA on ApoE gene expression and distribution were assessed using real-time fluorescence quantification (qPCR), immunoblotting (WB), and immunofluorescence (IF). Additionally, the regulatory mechanisms of BPA on ApoE were explored using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and DNA methylation assays. Results from qPCR, WB, and IF demonstrated that BPA significantly affected ApoE gene expression and distribution in spermatozoa. ChIP analysis revealed an estrogen-associated receptor γ (Esrrg) positive effect site in ApoE promoter region, with changes in ApoE mRNA expression correlation with Esrrg recruitment. DNA methylation assays showed that the ApoE promoter region was unmethylated, and that BPA treatment did not significantly alter its methylation status. These findings indicated that BPA directly interferes with ApoE gene expression by regulating Esrrg recruitment in the ApoE gene promoter region. Consequently, BPA may affect the reproductive function of rare minnow by disrupting testicular lipid transport. Our results provided a reference for future research on the effects of environmental endocrine disruptors on male reproduction from the perspective of lipid metabolism.
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Artificially induced sex-reversal and gynogenesis in darkbarbel catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli)
XIONG Yang, HU Jingqi, JIANG Youbo, YU Guijie, JIANG Wei, WANG Xu, SUN Ruidong, CHEN Jian, LI Pei, LI Zhi, WANG Dezhong, WU Jiankai, MEI Jie
2025,49(3):039104-039104, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20231214254
Abstract:
Pelteobagrus vachelli and hybrid yellow catfish (P. vachelli♂×P. fulvidraco♀) exhibit significantly sexual dimorphism in growth. To obtain monosex populations of P. vachelli and hybrid catfish with improved growth performances, we investigated sex control technology and gynogenesis to produce YY super-male P. vachelli. First, we explored the effects of different dosages of estradiol valerate (EV) and 17β-estradiol (E2), as well as various treatment periods of E2, on gonadal differentiation, growth, and survival rate of P. vachelli. Then, the sex-reversed fish were used to identify the best condition for gynogenesis. Results showed that lower EV treatments (5 and 10 mg/kg) led to incomplete sex reversal in P. vachelli during 7-60 day-post hatching (dph). In contrast, 20 and 40 mg/kg E2 treatments resulted in complete feminization, with significantly higher body length, body weight, and survival rate compared to EV-treated fish. The feminization rate of P. vachelli treated with 20 mg/kg E2 was 100% during 22-40 dph, with growth performance and survival rate comparable to the control group. Cytological observations revealed that the separation of the second polar body from the female pronucleus of the fertilized egg occurred as early as 6 min post-fertilization at 25 °C. We optimized gynogenesis conditions by applying cold shock at 4 °C for 20 min to eggs at 6 min post-fertilization. A total of 62 gynogenetic fish were identified using a pair of genetic markers that efficiently distinguished yellow catfish, darkbarbel catfish, and their interspecific hybrids. Of these, 10 gynogenetic fish were sacrificed, and three were males, inferred to be YY super-males. Our results indicate that E2 treatment efficiently induces feminization of P. vachelli, and YY super-males can be obtained through gynogenesis of feminized P. vachell. This laid the foundation for the improvement and cultivation of all-male P. vachelli and all-male hybrid yellow catfish (P. vachelli, ♂×P. fulvidraco, ♀).
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Effects of sea surface temperature distribution patterns on the biological characteristics of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the Northwest Pacific
ZHANG Tianjiao, ZHANG Shanshan, YUAN Hongchun, YU Wei
2025,49(3):039305-039305, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220613575
Abstract:
The neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartrami) is an economically important cephalopod with a short life cycle, and its biological characteristics are highly susceptible to changes in sea surface temperature (SST). This study aims to investigate the influence of SST distribution patterns in the Northwest Pacific on the growth and development of neon flying squid, using deep learning methods to analyze termporal and spatial variations. Data on mantle length, body weight and gonad maturity of O. bartrami from July to October 2016 were analyzed, and the relationship between mantle length and body weight was modeled using a power index equation. The Deep Convolutional Embedded Clustering (DCEC) model was employed to extract SST distribution patterns from MODIS-Aqua and MODIS-Terra three-level inversion image data. The results showed that: ① During July to October 2016, the growth and development of female and male O. bartrami in the Northwest Pacific were not completely synchronized; females exhibited a faster growth rate, while males had a faster gonad development rate. ② Four types of SST image features extracted using DCEC model reflected the monthly SST characteristics of survey sites, corresponding to the effects of El Niño, Kuroshio Current, and Oyashio Current. ③ From July to August, squid exhibited low average body weight, mantle length, and gonad maturity, with minimal differences between sexes and no significant relationship with SST distribution pattern. ④ From September to October, when SST changed uniformly but overall temperatures were low, squid had low average weight, mental length, and gonad maturity. However, when SST changed uniformly with an overall temperature, average body weight, mantle length, and the number of sexually mature individuals significantly increased. Females grew faster than males, but male maturity rates exceeded those of females. When cold and warm waters met, forming a clear boundary, squid mantle length and weight reached their maximum, but gonad development was delayed. This study, based on the deep learning DCEC model, provides insights into the effects of SST distribution patterns on the growth and development of neon flying squid and offers a reference for further understanding the biological characteristics of O. bartrami in the Northwest Pacific.
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Analysis of pelagic ecosystem dynamics in the western and central tropical Pacific based on the LeMaRns model
ZHANG Chunyue, LIN Qinqin, CHEN Zuozhi, ZHU Jiangfeng, LI Xiuchao
2025,49(3):039306-039306, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220313397
Abstract:
The western and central tropical Pacific Ocean is one of the most productive marine ecosystems and a principal tuna fishing area globally. To investigate the effects of fishing on the marine ecosystem's structure in this region, LeMaRns model, an ecosystem model based on body length structure, was developed. It simulated and analyzed the impacts of tuna fisheries on key species and ecosystem indicators. The model evaluated five fishing strategies, including F=0 (i.e. no fishing activity), F=Fmsy (fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield), F=Frecent (average fishing mortality in recent years), F=0.8Fmsy, and F=1.2Fmsy, with projections for 10 years on 10 species. The study analyzed the effects of these strategies on two single species indicators of biomass (B), spawning stock biomass (SSB) and four ecosystem indicators of Large fish indicators (LFI), Mean maximum length (MML), typical length (TyL) and length quantile (LQ). Findings indicated that the biomass of the species generally reached equilibrium at F=0. Under fishing pressure, the biomass of tuna species such as Thunnus obesus, Xiphias gladius, T. albacares, Katsuwonus pelamis and T. alalunga decreased by 0.26% to 99.75%, while that of Isurus oxyrinchus, Istiophorus platypterus, and Istiompax indica increased by 0.01% to 12.51%. The biomass of Prionace glauca increased by 36.74%, and the spawning stock biomass decreased by 60%. Other species' resource status remained largely unchanged. Over the first six years of simulated fishing, MML, TyL, and LQ initially increased with fishing effort and then decreased; LFI consistently increased. The study suggested that the western and central tropical Pacific ecosystem would be in a sustainable state under the recent fishing mortality over the next decade. The LeMaRns model can be used to simulate and analyze large-scale marine ecosystems, providing a valuable ecosystem-level approach for fisheries management.
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A full lifecycle dynamic energy budget model for Thunnus alalunga
GUAN Wenjiang, YU Yongheng, HE Weiwei, AN Kang
2025,49(3):039307-039307, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20221113815
Abstract:
Biological parameters, including growth, reproduction, and natural mortality, are critical factors influencing the stock assessment of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga). However, these parameters are often derived from disparate data sources, lacking internal consistency and uniformity. Moreover, they fail to cover the full lifecycle of T. alalunga, leading to uncertainties in stock assessment results. To address this, we constructed a full lifecycle dynamic energy budget (DEB) model for T. alalunga based on the DEB theory and available growth and reproduction data. Model parameters were estimated accordingly. The results demonstrated the following: ① The DEB model accurately fitted the growth process of T. alalunga throughout its life history, estimated its potential annual fecundity, and integrated the processes of growth, maturity, spawning, and mortality. Notably, the model provided a growth equation for T. alalunga larvae without requiring age and length data, which the von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) cannot accurately provide. ② According to DEB theory, the growth of T. alalunga exhibitd two distinct stages before and after sexual maturity. Before maturity, energy allocated to maturation is dissipated and not used for body weight gain. In contrast, after maturity, energy was stored for reproduction and also contributed to weight gain. Consequently, the length-weight relationship was influenced by the proportion of mature and immature individuals in the sample. Our results indicated that using a single power function to fit the length-weight relationship for both stages is inappropriate. ③ The natural mortality coefficient was typically assumed to be constant (e.g., 0.3/a) in T. alalunga stock assessments. However, our findings revealed that aging mortality varies significantly with age or length. Given the substantial impact of this assumption on stock assessment and management, we suggested that the natural mortality coefficient for T. alalunga should account for age- or length- dependent variation. Although parameter estimation in the DEB model was subject to uncertainty due to limited observation data, the model effectively and accurately integrated the growth, reproduction, and aging mortality processes of T. alalunga. This highlighted the valuable application of DEB models in such studies. The findings of this study provided scientific support for the growth analysis and improved stock assessment of T. alalunga.
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Study on community structure and seasonal dynamics of zooplankton and macrobenthos in Rice-Fish Symbiotic System in Qingtian, Zhejiang Province
ZHENG Sidi, GAO Qian, BU Lingfei, XU Guanhong, CAI Chuanguo, FAN Ke, LIU Qigen
2025,49(3):039308-039308, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220213344
Abstract:
Zooplanktons and macrobenthos are key consumers and decomposers in the rice-fish complex ecosystem and serve as important natural food sources for fish. To investigate the effects of fish on the Rice-Fish Symbiosis System in Qingtian, Zhejiang Province—recognized as the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System by the FAO in 2005—we examined the community structure and seasonal dynamics of zooplankton and macrobenthos in rice paddy. Specifically, we compared these communities in three types of rice paddies: rice-carp field (RC), rice-Chinese hooksnout carp fields (RCHC), and rice fields without fish (RWF) during December 2020 and April, July and September 2021. Our results identified 30 species of zooplankton (including 16 species of rotifers, 6 species of cladocerans and 7 species of copepods) and 10 macrobenthos species (including 2 oligochaetes species, 3 chironomids species, and 3 gastropods species). In zooplankton communities, Cyclops vicinus, Microcyclops intermedius, and Brachionus calyciflorus were dominant throughout the year, while Scapholeberis mucronata, Pleuroxus laevis, and Euchlanis dilatata were seasonal dominants. In macrobenthos, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, and Chironomus flaviplumus were dominant species throughout the year. The Shannon-Weiner index (H′1), Simpson diversity index (D1), and the Pielou evenness index (J′1) of zooplankton in the three rice paddy systems ranged from 2.9-4.1, 0.81-0.93 and 0.52-0.75, respectively. The highest H′1 and D1 in RC and RCHC occurred in April, while in RWF, they peaked in September. Conversely, the lowest values in RC and RCHC appeared in December, and in RWF in July. The J′1 were the highest in April and lowest in December across all paddy types. For macrobenthos, the Shannon-Weiner index (H′2), Simpson diversity index (D2) and Pielou evenness index (J′2) varied from 1.46-2.24, 0.56-0.77 and 0.52-0.75, respectively. The H′2 and D2 peaks occurred in September for all three paddy types, while the lowest values in RC and RCHC appeared in April and in RWF in July. The J′2 peaked in September in RC, and in December in RCHC and RWF, with the lowest values appearing in April for RC and RCHC and in July for RWF. Our study found that the species richness, density, biomass, and diversity indexes of zooplankton and macrobenthos in the rice-fish system varied significantly across seasons (all P<0.05). With the same season, the density and biomass of zooplankton and macrobenthos in RC and RCHC were lower than in RWF, although these differences were not significant (all P>0.05). In summary, elucidating the community structure and seasonal dynamics of zooplankton and macrobenthos in the rice-fish symbiosis system can help reveal the intrinsic mechanisms of the mutually beneficial relationship between rice and fish. This knowledge can further promote the development and comprehensive improvement of the cropping-breeding coupled mode of rice and fishery.
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Status of aquatic organisms resources and their environments in Xizang (2017—2021)
LIU Mingdian, ZHU Fengyue, ZHU Tingbing, LI Lei, WANG Lin, LIU Xiangjiang, ZHU Ren, LIU Fei, CEN Xiang, HU Feifei, JIN Xing, YUAN Lilai, HUO Bin, HE Dekui, LIU Haiping, XU Weitong, GONG Jinling, WANG Peng, DING Fang, YANG Ruibin, ZHANG Chi, DU Hongchun, CHEN Zhongxiang, CAO Kun, ZHAXI Lamu, LIU Shaoping, DUAN Xinbin, YANG Deguo, JIA Yintao, LI Yingren, LI Dapeng, MA Bo, MOU Zhenbo, CHEN Daqing
2025,49(3):039309-039309, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20230814135
Abstract:
Xizang serves as a crucial ecological and security barrier for China. Its fragile ecological environment is difficult to restore once destroyed. To implement the national policy prioritizing protection over development and to enhance the precision and pragmatism of agricultural support to Xizang, the Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences proposed a special initiative titled "Fishery source and environment survey of key waters in Xizang". This initiative was based on the unique characteristics of Xizang's fishery resources and environment. Field sampling and remote sensing monitoring were employed to comprehensively asscess the aquatic organisms and ecological environment in Xizang. The Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Institute of Hydrobiology (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Institute of Aquatic Science (Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science) conducted surveys on fish species composition, abundance, and status of fisheries ecological environment in three rivers (Yarlung Zangbo River, Nujiang River, Lancang River) and four lakes (Basomtso Lake, Zhegu Lake, Lake Amdo Tsonak Co, and Co Ngoin Lake). From 2017 to 2021, 53 fish species were collected, belonging to 24 genera, 5 families, and 2 orders, including 45 native species, 6 non-native species, and 2 hybrids. Dominant species in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River included Schizopygopsis younghusbandi, Ptychobarbus dipogon, Schizothorax oconnori, and Oxygymnocypris stewartii. In the middle reach, dominant species were S. oconnori, S. macropogon, S. younghusbandi, and S. waltoni. In the lower reach, dominant species were S. curvilabiatus, Garra kempi, Sisoridae sulcatus, S. molesworthi, Psilorhynchus homaloptera. In the Nujiang River, dominant species were Ptychobarbus kaznakovi, S. thermalis, S. nukiangensis. In the Lancang River, dominant species were S. lissolabiatus and S. lantsangensis. In the Basomtso Lake, dominant species were S. oconnori and S. macropogon. In the Zhegu Lake, dominant species were Triplophysa stewarti, Gymnocypris waddelli, S. younghusbandi. In the Lake Amdo Tsonak Co and Co Ngoin Lake, dominant species were S. thermalis and T. stewarti. Exotic species were primarily found in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Water quality in the three rivers and four lakes generally met fishery standards, with lower concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River compared to the middle and lower reaches. The survey results indicated that the number of native fish species collected (45 species) from 2017 to 2021 accounted for 62.50% of the total native fishes (72 species) recorded before 2017. The weight proportion of endangered O. stewartii and Glyptosternum maculatum have been decreased significantly in Sangri to Jiacha reach of middle Yarlung Zangbo River. Non-native species were predominantly found in the middle reach of the Yarlung Zangbo River. This survey provided critical scientific and technological support for the protection of Xizang's fishery resources, sustainable utilization of unique resources, and the sustainable development of ecological environment.
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Fish diversity of the cascade hydropower reservoir area of the Wujiang River based on environmental DNA technology
CHENG Ruli, LUO Yang, ZHANG Yufeng, LI Qinghua, WANG Meng, ZHANG Yu, LI Yingwen, SHEN Yanjun
2025,49(3):039310-039310, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220313387
Abstract:
A total of 36 environmental DNA samples were collected in 12 sections of the mainstream of the Wujiang River (11 cascade hydropower reservoir areas and the Fuling section entering the Yangtze River) in July 2021 to investigate the differences in fish diversity among the reservoir areas of Wujiang’s cascade hydropower stations, and explore the impact of hydropower development on fish diversity. Meanwhile, the fish diversity and species composition structure of each river section were analyzed using environmental DNA metabarcoding technology based on CO Ⅰgene sequence. A total of 83 864 valid CO Ⅰ sequences were obtained from environmental DNA metabarcoding, and 423 OTUs were obtained after clustering by sequence similarity ≥97%, based on the alignment and annotation analysis of the self-built database, a total of 32 species of freshwater fish were detected in the entire Wujiang River, which belongs to 5 orders, 9 families and 25 genera, among which the Cypriniformes was the most species of all fish, accounting for about 56.25%. The results showed that the fish species diversity and species composition structure were some differences in the cascade hydropower reservoir area of the Wujiang River, indicating that the long-term barrier effect of cascade hydropower partially affected fish diversity and species composition structure. This study uses environmental DNA metabarcoding technology to investigate the fish diversity and species composition structure of the Wujiang River, which is helpful in understanding the current status of fish resources in the mainstream of the Wujiang River and provides certain scientific and technical support for the protection of fish diversity in the Wujiang River Basin.
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Food organism compositions and feeding characteristics of Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus in the middle reach of Yalong River
LI Xiaoqin, ZENG Rukui, NI Dafu, FENG Gang, WAN Zhuokun, WANG Jie, WU Tongfei, LU Taoxiu, DENG Huatang, YAO Weizhi, FU Mei, Lü Hongjian
2025,49(3):039311-039311, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20230113870
Abstract:
Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus, a native fish species of the Schizothoracinae subfamily in China, is primarily distributed in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the middle to upper reaches of the Yalong River. To analyze the feeding characteristics (including feeding intensity and its seasonal variation, composition and diversity of food organisms, and feeding strategy) of G. pachycheilus in the middle reaches of the Yalong River, a total of 207 samples were collected from this ragion in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, between October 2020 and May 2022. Specifically, 207, 30, and 53 G. pachycheilus samples were used to assess feeding intensity and food composition among different size, gender, and seasonal groups, measure intestinal length (IC), and analyze intestinal contents, respectively. Results indicated that the overall feeding intensity of G. pachycheilus was low in the middle reaches of the Yalong River, with the lowest intensity observed during the reproduction season. A total of 38 prey species were identified for G. pachycheilus, with Hydropsychidae larvae (a benthic macroinvertebrates) being the primary food source. G. pachycheilus also consumed attached algae of Bacillariophyta (e.g., Diatoma spp., Navicula spp., Cymbella spp., Comphonema spp., etc.). The average intestinal (IC) of 30 G. pachycheilus samples was 1.61±0.06, which was considered a lower-middle level of Schizothoracinae fishes according to the previous studies. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') and Pielou evenness index (J) of the food organisms for G. pachycheilus were 2.10 and 0.58, respectively, indicating relative high levels of dietary diversity and evenness compared to other Schizothoracinae species. Furthermore, analysis using the Amundsen graphic method and Schoener overlap index revealed higher dietary overlap among G. pachycheilus samples from different body length and gender groups, while lower overlap was observed among seasonal groups. Overall, G. pachycheilus in the middle reaches of the Yalong River is an euryphagous and omnivorous species that prefers benthic invertebrates. Seasonal changes had a more significant impact on food composition than body size or sex. The findings of this study enrich the basic biological data for G. pachycheilus and provide a scientific basis for the conservation of wild resources, artificial domestication, and the development of suitable feeds.
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Taxonomic identification of Monostroma from the Zhanjiang coastal area and nutritional ingredient analysis of typical sample
CUI Jianjun, CHEN Yihui, YANG Jinlian, TAN Guangsheng, CHEN Chunli, XIE Enyi
2025,49(3):039612-039612, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20221013778
Abstract:
Monostromatic green algae, characterized by fronds composed solely of horizontally arranged single cell layers, are widely distributed in temperate to tropical seas worldwide. Monostroma (Thuret 1854), Gayralia (Vinogradova 1969), and Protomonostroma (Vinogradova 1969) are among the primary genera of monostromatic green algal. Monostroma (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae) is cosmopolitan and includes 55 species, of which only 32 are currently taxonomically confirmed. Several species of Monostroma are attracting global attention due to their economic importance, particularly in the food and cosmetic industries. Additionally, chemicals with antiviral and anticoagulant properties have recently been isolated from some species of the Monostroma genus. Zhanjiang city, surrounded by the sea on three sides and possessing a long coastline (2 325.9 km), is rich in wild Monostroma species. To determine the identity of Monostroma species from the Zhanjiang coastal area and analyze their nutritional composition, this study examined the morphological characteristics (thallus type, size, color; cell size, shape, and arrangement; chloroplast shape, position, and pyrenoid number) and nuclear-encoded Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) phylogenetics of collected Monostroma species. Subsequently, the main nutrient composition (crude protein, ash, moisture, and crude fat), amino acid content, and mineral composition were determined using national standard methods to evaluate their nutritional value. Morphological observations revealed that Monostroma thalli with similar morphology exhibited green or light green colors, had a single-cell layer, and measured approximately 9.19-11.12 cm in length, 6.85-8.16 cm in width, and 35.20-38.80 μm thickness. Surface cells were irregular, polygonal, or rounded polygons, with dimensions of 11.14-11.42 μm in length and 7.25-8.48 μm in width. These cells predominantly contained one pyrenoid (≥88%), occasionally two (≤8%), or three (≤4%). ITS sequence analysis showed that the Monostroma species had an identical nrITS sequence to M. nitidum (AF415170) from Fangchenggang of Guangxi, China, with support values of 0.99 for Bayesian posterior probabilities, 88% for ML bootstrap, and 99% for NJ distance bootstrap. Therefore, all the Monostroma species in Zhanjiang coastal area should be identified as Monostroma nitidum. Nutrient composition analysis revealed that M. nitidum had high water content (16.26%), moderate ash (16.17%), crude protein (10.50%), and crude fat (1.37%) contents. M. nitidum contained a variety of fatty acids, including saturated fatty acids (78.57%) and unsaturated fatty acids (21.43%). The amino acid profile was diverse, with essential amino acids (39.02%) and flavor amino acids (47.93%) meeting the FAO/WHO standard model. Thus, M. nitidum along the Zhanjiang coastal area held significant economic value in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its rich nutrients and high nutritional value. These findings enhanced our understanding of the nutrient value of M. nitidum and were expected to promote the healthy and rapid growth of the M. nitidum industry.
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Effects of fermented cottonseed meal on growth performance, apparent digestibility and intestinal health of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)
ZOU Fengyu, JIA Bingyu, LUO Zhi, LIU Zhibo, KE Jiang, LIU Shengzan, TAN Xiaoying
2025,49(3):039613-039613, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20230514009
Abstract:
To investigated the effects of fermented cottonseed meal on the apparent digestibility of diets and intestinal health in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), three dietary groups were designed. The first group consisted of a basic diet, with fish meal and soybean meal as the primary protein sources. The second and third groups were composed of 70% basic diet supplemented with 30% unfermented or fermented cottonseed meal, respectively. The weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of P. fulvidraco fed the fermented cottonseed meal diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the unfermented cottonseed meal diet. Solid-state fermentation of cottonseed meal significantly enhanced its digestibility in P. fulvidraco, with dry matter digestibility increasing from 35.64% to 82.10%, crude protein digestibility from 77.31% to 90.04%, crude fat digestibility from 68.53% to 88.03%, and energy digestibility from 48.43% to 86.24%. Compared with unfermented cottonseed meal, the fermented meal significantly increased intestinal villus height and width, decreased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors (il6 and il8), and increased mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory factor tgf-β. Additionally, the fermented meal significantly increased mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes (cat, sod1, sod2, gpx1, and keap1), while decreasing nrf2 mRNA expression. Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities were significantly elevated, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was reduced. The mRNA expression levels of tight junction-related genes (zo1, zo2, claudin1, claudin3, claudin4, and occludin) were also significantly increased. Furthermore, mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes (caspase3, caspase9, and p53) was significantly decreased, while the mRNA expression of the anti-apoptosis protein bcl2 was significantly elevated, and enzyme activities of Caspase3 and Caspase9 were significantly reduced. In conclusion, solid-state fermentation of cottonseed meal can significantly improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility in P. fulvidraco and mitigate the adverse effects of cottonseed meal on intestinal health.
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Effects of total glycosides of Cornus officinalis on antioxidant and immune function of Cyprinus carpio induced by CT
ZHU Zhaozeng, LU Ronghua, CHEN Mengdi, XU Xinxin, ZHANG Yuru, CAO Xianglin
2025,49(3):039414-039414, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20230814140
Abstract:
To investigate the effects of Cornus officinalis total glycosides on antioxidant properties, immune function, and serum biochemical indices in Cyprinus carpio induced by carbon tetrachloride (CT), 135 C. carpio with initial body weight of (22.15±1.15) g were randomly divided into five groups. The experimental groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg of C. officinalis total glycosides, respectively. The control (C) and CT groups were fed an equal volume of normal saline. After 7 days of continuous feeding, CT (5 mL/kg) was administered to the CT and the experimental groups, and samples were collected after 24 h. The morphology of hepatopancreas and kidney tissues, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant and immune related indices were assessed. Results indicated that the CT injection caused significant damage to hepatopancreas and kidney tissues. However, C. officinalis total glycosides significantly reduced the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P<0.05), and mitigated vacuolization of hepatopancreas cells, nuclear damage, and glomerular swelling. Compared to the CT group, serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly decreased in the T3 group (P<0.05), indicating an improvement in CT-induced dyslipidemia. Furthermore, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the hepatopancreas and kidney and of the T3 group were significantly increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the hepatopancreas of the T2 group, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and ACP activities in the kidney of the T3 group were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed that C. officinalis total glycosides up-regulated the expression of antioxidase-related genes (cat, sod, gst, gpx) and down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors il-β and nf-κb p65 (P<0.05). Over all, these findings demonstrate that oral administration of 200-300 mg/kg C. officinalis total glycosides can alleviate CT-induced hepatopancreatic and renal tissue damage by enhancing tissue antioxidant and immune functions.
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Lysine acetylation in the allograft-induced stress response of Pinctada fucata martensii
LU Jinzhao, ZHANG Bin, LIANG Haiying, LIANG Bidan
2025,49(3):039415-039415, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220713589
Abstract:
The pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, can experience transplant rejection or even host death following allografting. This study investigated the impact of increased protein acetylation on the immune response of P. fucata martensii after implantation, aiming to elucidate the role of acetylation modifications in this process. A mixture of broad-spectrum lysine deacetylase inhibitors (KDI) was injected into P. fucata martensii to assess the effects of increased protein acetylation using multiple analytical methods, including quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot (WB), antioxidant enzyme activity assay, and culture indicators. Following KDI injection, the relative expression of HDAC 6/10 (10006221), and two mumbers of the Sir2 family (10031932 and 10020349) were significantly down-regulated at different time points. Meanwhile, the acetylation level of total proteins in the gills was significantly increased at 72 h, indicating enhanced protein acetylation in gill tissue. Additionally, the expression of IRAK1, IL-17, NF-κB, and CASP2 were significantly up-regulated at 12 h, while IκK was significantly up-regulated at 48 h. In contrast, TRAF3 expression was significantly down-regulated from 48 h onward, suggesting that KDI stimulation enhanced cellular immunity in recipient oysters. Furthermore, antioxidant enzymes such as GSH-Px, POD, and CAT were significantly up-regulated at 12 and 24 h post-KDI treatment, indicating enhanced humoral immunity. The retention and survival rates of oysters were significantly higher at 60 d post-KDI treatment compared to the control group. These results suggested that acetylation modifications play a key role in allograft-induced stress in P. fucata martensii, and KDI may serve as immunomodulator to regulate the implantation process. In summary, this study provided an important basis for exploring the immune response and adaptive mechanisms associated with acetylation modifications in P. fucata martensii during implantation, and offered theoretical support for the rational control of the immune response in P. fucata martensii.
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Study and analysis of pathogen co-infection in grouper culture
HUANG Lin, LIU Mingzhu, YU Qing, HAN Shuyu, WEI Dongdong, SHI Jingu, WEI Hongling, LI Pengfei
2025,49(3):039416-039416, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20221213843
Abstract:
Co-infection is a common phenomenon in nature, and large-scale morbidity in livestock farms is caused by multiple pathogenic factors, with pathogen co-infection being a major contributor. Co-infection complicates clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, most studies focus solely on the pathogenic characteristics and mechanisms of single pathogens, and many prevention and control methods and drug treatment strategies are also limited to a single pathogens. Consequently, these methods are often ineffective against co-infections involving multiple pathogens. In fact, co-infection can cause more severe symptoms and damage to the host compared to single-pathogen infections. Moreover, interactions between co-infected pathogens can be synergistic, antagonistic, or non-interfering, and they may alter the pathogenic mechanisms of the original single pathogens. Therefore, developing rapid, sensitive, and efficient detection methods for multiple pathogens and exploring the pathogenesis of co-infection are of great significance for the prevention and treatment of co-infection. Pathogen co-infection has been extensively studied in livestock and poultry, including the detection technology and pathogenic mechanisms of virus-virus, virus-bacteria, and bacteria-bacteria co-infections. However, co-infection in aquaculture remains underexplored, with few studies reported. Grouper is a highly valued marine fish, known for its delicate and nutritious meat and significant economic importance. With the expansion of aquaculture and increaing industrialization and urbanization, the deterioration of the offshore grouper aquaculture environment has intensified, leading to more severe disease outbreaks in grouper populations. To understand the characteristics and patterns of common pathogen infections in cultured grouper, this study used PCR to investigate viral and bacterial pathogens in diseased grouper collected from farms in Guangxi (Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang City) for the first time. Pathogens were isolated using cell-specific isolation methods for viral pathogens and plate (LB and TCBS) streak separation for bacterial pathogens. The infectivity of the isolated pathogens was then confirmed using grouper cell lines. Results showed that Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), nervous necrosis virus (NNV), Vibrio harveyi, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, A. eromonas hydrophila and Photobacterium damselaesingle were detected grouper singly or in combination. V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus were the primary bacterial pathogens infecting cultured grouper in Guangxi, and interspecies and intraspecies co-infections observed. The detection frequency of V. harveyi was the highest, indicating that it is the main causative agent of Vibrio disease in cultured grouper in Guangxi. Detection rates of viral and bacterial pathogens veried significantly by season. The detection rate of NNV was 13% in spring (March to May), higher than that of SGIV. In summer (June to August), SGIV had a detection rate of 19%, higher than that of NNV. The highest detection rates for SGIV and NNV were observed in autumn (September to November) at 58% and 40%, respectively, while the lowest rates were in winter (December to February) at 4% and 6%, respectively. Autumn also had the highest detection rate for bacterial pathogens, with V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, A. hydrophila and P. mermaid detected at rates of 32%, 6%, 9%, 15%, 6%, and 15%, respectively. V. harveyi was detected in diseased grouper across all seasons, while V. alginolyticus had high detection rate in summer, autumn and winter; V. vulnificus was mainly detected in spring and autumn; and V. parahaemolyticus and P. mermaid were detected in summer and autumn. In summary, diseases in cultured grouper in Guangxi are characterized by co-infections involving multiple pathogens, with complex and diverse co-infection patterns. Our findings provided a direction for exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of grouper pathogen co-infection, offering a theoretical basis for epidemic prevention and control, and shedding new light on aquatic pathogen co-infection research.
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Study on the stability of SCC-37 acclimated at 37 °C and its application in common virus culture
GONG Jinpeng, ZHAO Ying, CHEN Xuelan, LIN Lingyun, YAO Jiayun, MU Xuejiao, ZHOU Kexin, WANG Congxu, SHEN Jinyu, PAN Xiaoyi
2025,49(3):039417-039417, DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20221213828
Abstract:
The SCC-37 cell line was established via acclimation, and the impact of this process on cell characteristics was analyzed. Additionally, the sensitivity of these cells to viruses was assessed, thereby reducing culture costs and laying the groundwork for large-scale vaccine production. In this study, a continuous cell line was derived from the spinal cord tissue of mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, using a gradual acclimation process with a serum gradient. The origin of the cell line, mycoplasma contamination status, growth characteristics, and viability after cryopreservation were evaluated. Furthermore, the sensitivity to infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), S. chuatsi ranavirus (SCRaV), and S. chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) was examined. The cell line, designated SCC-37, has been successfully cultured for up to 30 passages in complete medium (L-15+10%NBCS) at 37 °C. The S. chuatsi origin of SCC-37 was confirmed through the S. chuatsi 28S rRNA gene. Mycoplasma testing verified that SCC-37 is free of contamination. Sensitivity experiments demonstrated that ISKNV, SCRaV, and SCRV can proliferate and be passaged stably in SCC-37, with virus titers ranging from 103.4 to 109.6 TCID50/mL. Electron microscopy revealed a high abundance of virus particles in SCC-37 cells. In summary, the newly acclimated SCC-37 cell line provided a crucial tool for virus isolation, identification, and amplification, as well as for vaccine preparation. Its diverse applications merited further investigation.
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Organizer：China Society of Fisheries
Governing Body：China Association for Science and Technology
Chief editorial unitf：Huang Shuolin
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ISSN：1000-0615
