Modern marine ranching is a new type of achieving marine environmental protection and efficient production of fishery resources, which is of great significance in accelerating the shift in driving forces for economic development. We illustrated the development history of modern marine ranching concept, the history and current situation of modern marine ranching construction, and proposed strategic concept to promote the sustainable development of China’s modern marine ranching from the perspectives of innovation drive, technology leader and project demonstration. This review aims to provide reference for the upgrading and transformation of China’s marine fishery.