摘要:中国鲤具有悠久的养殖历史和重要的经济价值,无论是天然种群还是养殖品种,年产量远超过其它鱼类.近几十年来,养殖新品种的开发获得成功,大大提高了产量,改善了品质.但是由于盲目的开发利用,许多重要的鲤养殖种类的种质资源遭到破坏."江西三红"(Cyprinus carpio var. Xingguonensis、 Cyprinus carpio var. wuyuanensis、 Cyprinus carpio var.wananensis)、黄河鲤(Cyprinusy carpio var.)和黑龙江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)是中国鲤几个具有代表性的养殖品种和野生种,在我国鲤鱼遗传育种研究中均占有非常重要的地位.应用第二代分子标记,即微卫星标记(microsatellite)84个,对以上5个具有代表性的中国鲤进行了全基因组DNA检测.结果表明,当退火温度提高至60℃时,有43对标记引物扩增出清晰的条带,其中有14对在群体间呈现多态性,扩增等位基因位点为2～4个.微卫星座位MFW4, MFW19,MFW23和 MFW26在群体内显示了高度的多态性, 扩增等位基因位点为7～13个.统计实验结果发现,"江西三红"3个品种间遗传差异较小,兴国红鲤和荷包红鲤的亲缘关系较近(0.93);属于同一亚种不同地理种群的黄河鲤和黑龙江野鲤具有较高的遗传相似性(0.89).另外,根据微卫星多态性分析结果,探讨了这5种鲤的遗传多样性.

摘要:对人工养殖施氏鲟卵巢发育的不同时期(1～8龄)进行了组织学观察,结果表明:1龄施氏鲟处于性分化早期,卵巢中卵原细胞形成增殖团;2～3龄鱼卵巢为I期,第1时相的初级卵母细胞直径10～60μm,核大,位于细胞中央,染色质均匀分布;4～5龄卵巢为Ⅱ期,第2时相小生长期的初级卵母细胞直径60～200μm,核内含有7～26个核仁;6～7龄卵巢Ⅲ期,第3时相大生长期的初级卵母细胞直径200～1600μm,卵母细胞内出现脂肪滴、卵黄颗粒和色素颗粒.细胞膜有完整的3层结构.8龄卵巢Ⅳ期,第4时相晚期初级卵母细胞直径1600～3300μm,细胞核膜消失,核仁溶解,核由中心向动物极受精孔移动;Ⅴ期卵巢的第5时相生殖细胞为成熟的卵细胞,直径3400～3750μm,从滤泡膜中释放到体腔内;Ⅵ期为产卵后的卵巢,以第2时相的卵母细胞为主.根据研究结果推测,施氏鲟卵巢再次成熟的周期为3～4年.

摘要:胚胎干细胞( ES 细胞)是从动物早期发育胚胎中分离出来的具有发育全能性的一种未分化细胞系.维持花鲈胚胎干细胞( LJES1 )的体外生长、增殖及未分化状态需要在培养基中添加一些生长因子.实验通过配制省略1种或多种因子的培养基PESM 0～10,计数LJES1细胞在各培养基中增殖的数量,确定各种生长因子对LJES1细胞的增殖作用.同时,对LIF因子和bFGF因子的作用进行了重点的研究,发现LIF因子对早期的LJES1细胞增殖几乎没有作用,其主要作用是维持LJES1细胞的未分化状态,但对晚期LJES1 细胞的增殖有一定的作用;bFGF因子对LJES1细胞有强烈的刺激增殖的作用;鲈鱼胚胎抽提液(PEE)以及鲈鱼血清(FS)也促进了LJES1细胞的增殖,2-巯基乙醇(2-ME)具有还原血清中的含硫化合物、防止过氧化物对LJES1细胞的损害及促进贴壁的作用,因而也促进了LJES1细胞的增殖.

摘要:水体中添加不同浓度的溴化钠(NaBr)对鲤进行试验,分别在15、30和45d进行生长速度测定和组织蓄积研究,并在45d对甲状腺激素进行测定.研究发现,NaBr对鲤生长有促进作用,其中浓度为15mg?L-1的NaBr试验组促进作用最显著(P<0.05);NaBr影响甲状腺激素水平,浓度为15mg?L-1的NaBr试验组含量最高(P<0.01);鲤各组织中肝和皮的溴蓄积量较高,而肾在各浓度试验组均保持较高水平,浓度为25mg?L-1NaBr时肌肉中溴蓄积量为72.40mg?L-1;添加NaCl对鲤组织的溴蓄积量影响显著(P<0.01).水体中NaBr含量低于25mg?L-1时,对淡水水生生物是安全的,所养殖生物中溴蓄积量符合食品卫生标准.

摘要:为了研究草鱼肠道完整吸收小肽与肠道中小肽的关系,用6.25%酶解酪蛋白、酸解酪蛋白、酪蛋白溶液和生理盐水进行草鱼肠道灌注试验(1mL?100g-1体重).20min后尾静脉采血制备血浆,高效液相色谱分析结果表明:灌注酶解酪蛋白溶液的草鱼血液循环中总肽量和某些肽量显著(P<0.05)高于灌注生理盐水、酸解酪蛋白、酪蛋白溶液;较灌注生理盐水草鱼血液循环中总肽量提高18.73%.肠道灌注酸解酪蛋白、酪蛋白溶液对血液循环中总肽量影响不大,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).草鱼血浆中肽量的增加与肠道提供的肽种类和数量有关.实验结果表明,草鱼肠道能够完整地吸收某些小肽进入血液循环.

摘要:应用组织学方法对浙南池塘养殖的文蛤的性腺发育、生殖周期和肥满度进行了周年变化的研究.结果表明,文蛤的性腺发育具有典型双壳贝类特征,性腺发育过程可分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期、休止期5个时期,并对上述5期的宏观肉眼观察特征及微观切片观察特征进行了描述.浙南池塘养殖的文蛤性腺发育过程以1年为1个周期,成熟排放期在5月下旬至8月中旬,水温21.8～31.0℃,繁殖盛期为6月下旬至7月下旬,水温为25.0～30.0℃.月平均肥满度最高为6月份的8.84%,最低为1月份的3.21%.论文还讨论了1龄文蛤性腺发育、文蛤性腺成熟和排放与积温的关系.

摘要:根据2001年6-7月在北太平洋152?E～171?W、39?～42?N水域生态环境和资源综合调查资料,分析结果表明:调查水域浮游动物总生物量均值为92.12mg?m-3(0.81～1035.68 mg?m-3),其中中部(160?～180?E、39?～42?N)及西经水域(170?～178?W、40?～41?N)为113.51mg?m-3,西部水域(152?～157?E、41?～43?N)为22.89mg?m-3;桡足类丰度居首(42.11%),其次为海樽类(30.91%);伪细真哲水蚤(Eucalanus pseudattenuatus)、太平洋哲水蚤(Calanus pacifica)和软拟海樽(Dolioletta gegenbauri)为主要优势种.甲壳类的分布与柔鱼中心渔场存在较好的对应关系,中心渔场位于浮游动物总生物量高密集区(250～500mg?m-3)和甲壳类的最高丰度区(50～100 ind?m-3)内或边缘区;头足类幼体分布于磷虾类和端足类的高丰度区(10～25ind?m-3)内或边缘水域.

摘要:在GIS和数据库技术的支持下,据1999年2月(枯水期)和8月(丰水期)两个航次的调查数据,利用数据插值和栅格图形加权平均等处理手段,综合分析和评价了考洲洋水域的水质营养状况.结果显示,枯水期考洲洋的水质符合一类海水水质标准,整个水域未受明显有机污染,丰水期整个水域符合二类海水水质标准,湾西北部和吉隆河口附近水域受明显的有机污染,出现富营养化现象,应引起重视.两个调查航次初级生产力的分布趋势相似,均呈现湾口高,湾中部和湾西北部低的变化趋势.饵料生物的分布无明显的规律,在枯水期,饵料生物的分布较为均匀,大部分水域处于2～3级水平,其密集分布区出现在湾西北部、湾口和吉隆河口附近水域,而在丰水期,饵料生物的变化幅度较大,其密集分布区位于湾中部水域和望京洲沿岸水域.两个航次相比,丰水期的初级生产力水平和饵料生物水平均高于枯水期.

摘要:将育苗用水经消毒及沉淀处理后作为试验基础用水,应用泡沫分离器、经预处理的生物滤器和紫外线消毒器等处理罗氏沼虾育苗循环水,使水质得到了有效控制.试验期间,对照池以大量换水及用药等传统方式维持水质,而试验池未曾用药和换水,较对照池节约水67.5%;试验池主要水质指标变化范围如下: NH3-Nm:0～0.010 mg?L-1,NO2--N: 0.01～0.63 mg?L-1,pH: 7.48～8.37, CODMn: 5.42～12.25mg?L-1, 细菌总数:(4.2～130)?103cell?mL-1, 弧菌数:(0.2～20)?102cell?mL-1;试验组出苗率为40%,高出对照组33.3%.生产性育苗试验中,试验池与对照池均获得了30%的出苗率.据试验结果及罗氏沼虾育苗特点,提出了处理罗氏沼虾育苗循环水的技术与模式.

摘要:以热休克诱导获得中国对虾三倍体,通过口服或注射的方式对二倍体和三倍体中国对虾进行了白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和鳗弧菌感染实验,研究了病原感染前后二倍体和三倍体中国对虾血液学的变化并首次报道了三倍体中国对虾血细胞的组成.实验结果表明:三倍体和二倍体中国对虾均对WSSV敏感,三倍体未显示出明显的抗性.WSSV感染4d后,对虾外周循环系统的血细胞数量明显减少,三倍体和二倍体对虾血细胞数量均降为对照组的10%左右.对虾血细胞组成发生变化,大颗粒细胞明显减少,小颗粒细胞相应增加,而透明细胞所占比例基本不变;大颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞内颗粒物质均有所减少,出现空泡或细胞外突起等异常结构.注射鳗弧菌感染后两种对虾的血细胞数量均有所减少,血细胞数量的减少与弧菌的注射量呈正相关关系.三倍体中国对虾血细胞组成与二倍体相似,但其密度仅为二倍体的40%左右.本研究结果为三倍体对虾抗逆特性的研究提供了一定依据和参考.

摘要:病原菌对机体的致病作用是由其产生的各种毒力因子共同作用的结果,其中病原菌对组织细胞或粘膜的表面粘附是造成机体感染的首要条件.病原菌的粘附因子主要包括菌毛粘附素和其它非菌毛粘附素(如鞭毛、外膜蛋白和血凝素等),其中以菌毛介导的病原菌对组织细胞的粘附是细菌在体内定居、增殖释放毒力因子发挥致病作用的关键.为了揭示拟态弧菌HX-4的致病机理,以经典粘附模式细胞Hep-2细胞作为体外细胞模型,探讨蟹源致病性拟态弧菌HX-4株的粘附特性以及受体物质和抗全菌抗体对细菌粘附作用的影响,同时采用庆大霉素清洗裂解培养法测定该菌对Hep-2细胞的侵袭力.结果显示,HX-4菌株能粘附Hep-2细胞,对Hep-2细胞具有侵袭力.细菌对Hep-2细胞的粘附方式为集聚性粘附,最佳粘附时间为1h,甘露糖和抗体能显著抑制该菌的粘附,表明Hep-2细胞上含有甘露糖样受体.该菌的粘附素除了主要是菌毛外,可能还含有鞭毛、外膜蛋白、血凝素等多种成分.

摘要:对2000-2002年山东沿海6个疫区患病栉孔扇贝进行电镜观察,在消化腺、外套膜、肾和肠的结缔组织细胞和间质细胞中发现一种球形病毒,并引起相应的病理学变化.该病毒具囊膜,直径为130～170nm,核衣壳直径为90～140nm.病毒分离纯化后,观察到的病毒囊膜表面覆有长20nm的纤突.病毒在细胞质中的囊泡样结构内完成装配,其内未发现包涵体存在.从发病疫区栉孔扇贝组织中分离出病毒毒种对健康扇贝进行人工感染.结果显示,各感染实验组发病扇贝表现出与自然海区发病扇贝相同的临床症状.病毒注射组死亡率为75%,病毒浸浴组死亡率为68.7%,灭活病毒注射组和空白对照组死亡率皆为12.5%.病毒注射、浸浴组与灭活病毒注射组、空白对照组死亡率差异显著.电镜复检结果显示,各感染实验组发病扇贝组织中分布有大量病毒粒子,与自然海区发病扇贝组织所观察到的病毒粒子在形态特征和病理学特征上完全一致.以上结果证明,病毒是导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的直接病原.

摘要:根据2002年福建闽南地区双船底拖网和单船底拖网的生产调查及全省渔业统计,结合相关的渔捞记录,应用DEA法,分析了福建各地、市底拖网的捕捞能力和闽南地区不同作业方式捕捞能力及其影响因素,并与单位捕捞努力量渔获量计算进行比较.结果表明:福建各地、市实际拥有底拖网的渔船数量、功率和吨位可能达到的最大产出量的"能力利用度"差异悬殊,1999年和2001年最低的仅为19.4%、19.9%;全省底拖网平均"能力利用度"偏低,1999年和2001年分别为64.3%、67.5%,全省底拖网作业仍然存在渔船的投入数量过多、功率和吨位偏大的问题;因捕捞方式不同,影响捕捞能力的因子有所不同,但投入功率和作业天数都是影响双船底拖网和单船底拖网捕捞能力的主要因素;在考虑将单位捕捞努力量渔获量数据转换为"能力利用度"时,其前提条件是计算采用的因子必须一致.但单位捕捞努力量渔获量在考虑计算投入因子的数量上有很大的局限性,采用DEA法可获得各种投入要素下捕捞能力变化的信息,结果比较符合客观实际.

摘要:The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect : (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes ; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes ; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes ; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes , especially , with the coastal power station will be built in China recent years , the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource were discussed.

摘要:Currently used seawater pond culture models are evaluated , and principles and methods in optimizing pond culture model are discussed in the present paper. The author indicates that application of the traditional polyculture has been limited in single pond. Inputted nutrients such as feed and fertilizer can’t be efficiently utilized by animals cultured in a pond with the traditional polyculture , resulting in huge waste discharge , which is regarded as a pollution source to coastal regions. The author suggests it should be possible to put several seawater ponds with different stocking structures together and optimize stocking and management systemically. Compared with the traditionally polycultured seawater ponds , ecological benefits and nutrients transport in the systemically optimized ponds would be amplified. The production performance of the systemically optimized ponds , therefore , would be increased and their pollution would be reduced.

摘要:As a main protein source in aquafeeds , fish meal has been extensively studied. Fish sources , freshness , processing temperature , lipid quality and microbiological index are five main aspects of the evaluation of fish meal quality. This paper reviewed the researches on fish meal including the evaluation of fish meal quality , the use of fishmeal and the environmental problems. Biogenic amine is the main potential toxin in decomposed fish meal including mainly histamine , cadaverine , putrescine and tyramine and most studies showed that they could affect the fish growth performance and health. The determination of protein digestibility of fish meal includes pepsin2digestion method , animal test , capillary electrophoresis , etc. The content of phosphorus in fish meal and its utilization can introduce pollution to water bodies and the use of alternative protein and improvement of utilization of fish meal can help to reduce the pollution from fish meal.

摘要:30 ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis ) samples were collected from the cultural net in Fuxi Town , Ninghai County , Zhejiang Province. Polyarylamide gel electrophoresis was used to detect the expression of isozymes in 8 organsortissues: eye, liver, kidney, muscle, spleen, heart, gill andpectroralfin. ADH,CAT,POD,ACP, ALP,EST,LDH,MDH,ME,GcDH,SCD,GDH,SDH,SOD,ATP were analyzed and the biochemical genetic results showed that 15 isozymes were coded by 55 gene loci ,12 of which (ADH21 ,ADH24 ,CAT22 , POD23 ,ALP2 2 , EST23 , EST24 , LDH25, ME24 , GcDH24 , GDH, SDH22) were found polymorphic. The population of ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis) in Fuxi town showed the higher genetic diversity when compared with other freshwater fishes,with21.8%oftheproportionofpolymorphiclociand0.0459oftheaverageheterozygosityperloci. And we think the expression of CAT, POD and SOD of ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis ) can be used to evaluate the influence to body2protecting system of the fish when environmental factors were changed. The expression of isozymes in pectroral fin can be used as genetic marker in breeding of ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis).

摘要:Leukocytes are key cells for the specific and nonspecific immune systems , it expresses different kinds of biodefense2related peptides and proteins including specific and nonspecific antimicrobial agents , and activators and regulators of the immune system. However,we know very little about the cellular interactions that initiate and control the adaptive immune response in fish. In order to clone and study immune2related and biodefense2related genes in carp ( Cyprinus carpio L. ) leucocytes , the cDNA library of carp leucocytes was constructed. First , the carp leucocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of normal carp , total RNA of leucocytes was extracted and from 2 ?108 leucocytes cells , and the output was 216μg , ODA260/ 280 > 1. 8 , mRNA was isolated with a column of oligo (dT) cellulose. Second, single2strand cDNA and double2strand cDNA were synthesized from 5μg mRNA using Stratagene HybriZAP22. 1 XR cDNA synthesis kit , then ligated to EcoR I adapters , size fractionating with CHROMA Spin2400 column. Finally cDNA were ligated into HybriZAP22. 1 vector and packaged in vitro. The obtained carp leucocyte cDNA library contains 5. 79 ?106 recombinants , the percentage of vectors with inserts was 99. 4 % and the average inserts size were between 0. 4 ?103 -3.0 ?103bp. After amplification , the titer of amplified library was 4. 22 ?109pfu?mL -1 . This normal carp leucocytes cDNA library gives an ideal basis for further study of carp immune system.

摘要:The full length cDNA encoding growth hormone of a freshwater f ish, Lepomis cyanellus, (LcGH) was cloned from pituitary RNA with RT-PCR, 3..and 5.. RACE ( rapid amplif ication of cDNA ends) . The LcGH cDNA ( Genbank No. AY530822) , about 989nt ( nucleotide) long, consisted of a open reading frame with 615nt long, 5..and 3..untranslated regions with 93nt and 224nt long respectively, and a 57nt poly ( A) tail. The DNA sequence analysis showed that there are typical Kozak sequence and polyadenylation signal. The pregrowth hormone peptide of 204aa deduced from LcGH cDNA included a putative signal peptide ( 17aa) locating in its Nterminal. There exist a Asn-Cys-Thr glycosylation site at amino acid 201, and 4 cysteine residues ( No. 69, 177, 194, 202) that are essential to construct two S-S bonds in this pregrowth hormone peptide. Homological comparision among LcGH and other species growth hormones showed that There is high homology ( more than 85% ) between growth hormone of Lepomis cyanellus and that of most perciformes fish, but low homology ( less than 70%) in comparison with other species such as Siluriformes and Cypriniformes f ish.

摘要:Mature eggs of Oreochromis aurea were obtained with artificial reproduction technology , and the hybrids were acquired with Siniperca chuatsi ( ♂) using artificial insemination . Genomic DNA of O. aurea ( ♀), S. chuatsi ( ♂) and their progeny were examined using RAPD method. Only 2 primers (S336 , OPZ06) of screened 11 random primers could be amplified into two specifically RAPD bands on progeny which were the same as those of S . chuatsi ( ♂) and did not exist in O. aurea ( ♀) , and other amplified bands on progeny were all from O. aurea ( ♀) . Genetic similarity index was 0. 858 between the progeny and O. aurea ( ♀) , while that was 0. 049 between the progeny and S . chuatsi ( ♂). This indicated that the genetic substance of progeny was mostly from Studies on hereditary relationship between Oreochromis aurea ( ♀), YANG Hong , XIA De2quan ,LIU Lei , WU Ting2ting ( Freshwater Fisheries Research Center , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Wuxi 　214081 , Siniperca chuatsi ( ♂) and their offspring China) O. aurea ( ♀) . The primary function of sperm from S . chuatsi ( ♂) was stimulating development of eggs from O. aurea ( ♀) , at the same time little genetic substance of S . chuatsi ( ♂) appeared in the progeny , which laid the foundation for breeding of fine varieties having characters of O. aurea ( ♀) and S . chuatsi ( ♂).

摘要:The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities , optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed : 1. In immobile condition , all eggs sank at salinity of 32. 0 , most of eggs suspended in the middle of water at 34. 0 , and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36. 0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10. 0 or above 60. 0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15. 0 and 50. 0 ,including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36 -40h) within the salinity of 15. 0 and 50. 0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81 % -86 % and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27 % -30 % in suitable salinities of 27. 0 -39. 0. The hatching rate was 89 % -91 % and abnormal rate was 13 % -16 % in optimal salinities of 33. 0 36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity , spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30. 0 -35. 0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41. 25 -47. 53 at salinities of 30. 0 -35. 0 , the yolk and oil ball of 7 -8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88 %.

摘要:The specimens for biological study were collected from the spawning and feeding ground of Ammodytes personatus and the A . personatus fishing condition data for the f ishery management were collected in 1999- 2003. The compositions of food organisms of A. personatus in the coast of southern Shandong peninsula include the Copepoda, Chaetognatha , Amphipoda, Decap oda and Euphausicea. From summer season to the spawning stage, A. personatus distributed in the northern Yellow Sea do not take food. The absolute majority of A. personatus mature during their first year of life and this f ish spawns once a year. The main spawning season is f rom the end of October to November. In the earlier stage, the temperature for the spawners is about 11. 8bC and salinity is about 31. 686. The individual absolute fecundity ( eggs) ranges from 0. 45 @ 104 to 5. 10 @ 104( mean 1. 79 @ 104 ) . The relation equation between absolute fecundity and net weight ( g ) is E = 1867. 7129610 W1. 209953873. The relation equation between absolute fecundity and body length ( mm) is E = 0. 000175549 L 3. 70261414 . The catch of A. personatus consists of 3 year classes, from age group . to age group ? , excluding the age group 0. The otolith was used for age determination. To cite 2002 as example, the length-weight relationship is calculated to be W= 0. 001906 L3. 17039. The faunal characteristics of f ishes of the Yellow Sea is quite different in composition from the other parts of the China Sea. Almost 90% of the Yellow Sea f ish belong to warmtemperate and warm-water fishes, only a few species belong to cold-temperate species. As a cold-temperate species, A. personatus is valuable legacy of ecosystem evolution of the Yellow Sea. In view of the above, sustainable utilization of this fish species is more important .