Fish mucosa (mainly skin, gill, intestine, etc.) and their symbiotic microorganism play a key role in regulating the homeostasis of the fish mucosal microenvironment and promoting fish health. In the past 10 years, fish intestinal mucosal microbes have attracted much attention because of their important role regulating fish nutrition and health. However, research on symbiotic microbes in other mucosal organs of fish (such as skin and gill) has been relatively delayed. In order to better understand the relationship between fish mucosal microbes, mucosal microenvironment homeostasis and their effects on fish health，this article will review the research progress and the existing problems of fish mucosal microorganism, in terms of the community structure, influencing factors, research strategies and application value of fish mucosal microbes based on the literature published in recent years. It aims to provide new ideas and strategies for the effective regulation of mucosal microorganisms of fish and their applications in production and practice.