Abstract:Molecular probes are useful to separate closely related harmful algal bloom species. Moreover, they can rapidly and clearly differentiate nontoxic from toxic algae and to monitor the development of algal blooms in coastal water s. There are three kinds of molecular probes which can be used for identification of HAB species, such as lectin, DNA and peptide nucleotide acid(PNA) probe. These probes are relatively new, and have higher sensitivity, veracity and specificity than traditional taxonomic techniques. In the present study, probes of oligonucleotide, lectin and PNA were applied to detect Prorocentrum minimum, Takayama pulchellum and Alexandrium tamarense of red t ide samples from the East China Sea, Eastern Fujian Coastal Waters and Xiamen Bay, series of studies were undertaken in order to identify and classify these harmful algal species, and the sample processing and detection protocols were evaluated and optimized both in the laboratory and in the field. The results showed that target species of A. tamarense was detected successfully in amples of the East China Sea and Xiamen Bay, and the detection efficiency of different probes specific to A. tamarense was in order: DBA (lectin) > Tama28 S (oligonucleotide probe) > Tama5S(oligonucleotide probe). The target species of P. minimum, was also detected successfully in samples of Eastern Fujian Coastal Waters and Xiamen Bay, and the detection efficiency of different probes specific to P. minimum was as follow: ConA (lectin) > PM18S02 (oligonucleotide) > PM28S02 (oligonucleotide). The target species of T. pulchellum, which was firstly isolated and unialgal cultivated during blooms in Xiamen Bay in 2003 and 2004, was also identified distinctly in samples of Xiamen Bay during blooms in 2005, and the detection efficiency of different probes specific to T. pulchellum was in this order: WGA (lectin) > PNATP28S01 (PNA) > TP18S02 (oligonucleotide)> TP28S01(oligonucleotide). The conclusions were as follow: These target harmful algae bloom species cells appearance in the East China Sea, Eastern Fujian Coastal Waters and Xiamen Bay identified by three probes were correlated well to prevenient results of references, which suggested that specificity of these probes was good and the detecting methods were accurate and reliable. The specificity of three molecular probes was that PNA probe > oligonucleotide probe > lectin probe in order. Thereby, these probes can be used for monitoring marine population dynamics of P. minimum, T. pulchellum and A. tamarense rapidly in future.

Abstract:A3month enclosure experiment was carried out to examine the effects of different stocking (monoculture of freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii, polyculture of the pearl mussel and gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio, and polyculture of the pearl mussel, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis) and management (fertilizing, combination of fertilizing and feeding) models on chemical water quality. During the experimen t, mean value of dissolve oxygen (DO) in the enclosures was over 8.9 mg·L-1, and pH ranged from 6.99 to 10.69. The enclosures with monoculture of the pearl mussel had high DO and pH. Mean value of Ca2+, hardness and alkalinity in the enclosures ranged within 15.6 - 23.2 mg·L-1, 80.6 - 96.6 mg CaCO3·L-1 and.1-89.1 mg CaCO3·L-1, respectively. Mean value of nitrate (NO3-N), nitrite (NO2-N), ammonia (TAN), reactive phosphate (PO4-P), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus (TP) ranged within 0.115 - 0.202 mg·L-1, 0.002 -0.005 mg·L-1,0.088 - 0.163 mg·L-1, 0.018 - 0.055 mg·L-1, 1.906-2.989 mg·L-1 and 0.327 - 0.539 mg·L-1, respectively. There were no significant differences in NO3-N, NO2-N and TAN among the enclosures. High PO4-P occurred in the enclosures in which the pearl mussel and gibel carp were polycultured with fertilizing and feeding or the pearl mussel was monocultured with fertilizing. TN and TP were high in the enclosure in which the pearl mussel was monocultured with fertilizing and feeding. Mean value of (NO3-N+NO2-N+TAN )/PO4-P in each enclosure ranged from 9 to 18, and TN/TP from 6 to 8, respectively. No significant difference was found in ( NO3-N+NO2-N +TAN)/PO4-P and TN/TP among the enclosures. Mean value of chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) ranged from 17.29 to 17.33 mg·L-1 in the enclosures of monoculture, and from 11.21 to 13.91 mg·L-1 in the enclosures of polyculture. TN and CODMn increased, while TP decreased, with advance of the experiment. Results of the present experiment indicate using different stocking and management models could not ignificantly affect concentration of main negative and positive ions, nitrogen and phosphorus, and ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in waters for culturing freshwater pearl mussel. Polyculture of the pearl mussel and fishes could reduce organic matter content in water column.

Abstract:In October 2006, a similar nocardiosis of snakehead(Ophicephalus argus), cultured in pond, broke out in Guangdong Province, China. Infected fish showed distension of the abdomen, with compact granulomas diffusely distributed in the visceral organs. More acute lesions such as ulcers and muscle necrosis, necropsy revealed multiple yellowish white, firm nodules, 1-2 mm in diameter, exist throughout the kidney, liver, head kidney, spleen, gill and branchial arch. In order to diagnose the snakehead of suspected nocardiosis, the histopathologic changes of the fish and the morphology of the Nocardia sp were observed under optic and electronic microscopes. Histopathologically, typical chronic granulomatous lesions appeared in those organs, including the kidney, liver, head kidney, spleen, gill, branchial arch, heart, intestines and ovary. Granulomas nodules have a threelayer structure. The center of granulomas nodules is caseous necrosis, necrotic area is surrounded by macrophages an d epithelioid cells，and fibroblast and fibrocyte lie in extreme layer. A lot of filamentous bacteria, branching, occasionally beaded, were visible in necrotic centers. These bacteria were acid fast when stained with ZiehlNeelsen. Under electronic microscope, there were a lot of rodshaped bacteria, no virosome in the infected organs. The sizes of the rodshaped bacteria were approximately 3.5-6.5 μm long and 0.45-6.8μm wide. According to the results above, it was diagnosed as nocardiosis. The main histopathologic changes of the other organs under optic microscope showed as follows: Denaturalization and necrosis emerged in renal tubule epithelial cell, and lymphocytosis were in interrenal tissue; congestion and lymphocytosis was showed in spleen; Hepatocyte appeared fatty degeneration; The gill lamellar epithelialcells were swollen, and cardiac muscle fibers were swollen and ruptured; Damage to skeletal muscle included skeletal muscle cell vacuolar degeneration, swelling,rupturing and necrosis; Damage to epidermic cell included denaturalization, necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration.

Abstract:This paper investigated the lipid contents and fatty acid compositions of ovary, liver and muscle of the wildcaught broodstocks of Pampus cinereus in IV stage of ovary development with body weight from 408 g to 614 g from the East China Sea. The results indicated that there were significant differences of lipid contents and fatty acid compositions among ovary, liver or muscle tissues. The average lipid contents of ovary, liver and muscle of the broodstocks were 45.10%, 30.61% and 19.56% respectively. The lipid content in ovary was relatively stable while in liver and muscle was significantly variable among different broodstocks. There was a positive interrelation of lipid content between liver and muscle. The main fatty acids in ovary of the broodstock were as follows:C16:0>C22:6n3>C18:1n9>C16:4n3>C18:0. While C16:0>C18:1n9>C22:6n3>C18:0>C14:0 in muscle and C16:0>C18:1n9>C18:0>C22:6n3>C14:0 in liver respectively. The contents of DHA (22:6n3) and EPA (C22:5n3) of ovary, liver and muscle were 18.887% and 3.268%, 5.856% and 0.707% and 9.672% and 2.407% respectively. The compositions of C16:4n3，C22:6n3，PUFA，HUFA in ovary were significant higher than those in muscle and liver. The ratios of DHA/EPA/ARA in ovary, muscle and liver were 5.90/1/0.44, 4.03/1/0.50 and 8.51/1/0.85 respectively. The ratios of n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA in ovary, muscle and liver were 5.89, 3.51 and 4.67 respectively. Therefore these data will be useful for the artifical cultivation of the broodstocks of Pampus cinereus.

Abstract:From May to June in 2006, an epidemic disease named stomach atrophy syndrome in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus occurred widely in Liaoning area during the hatching period. The influence area was large and mortality was high and no efficient remedy to control the development and spread of this epidemic. T his epidemic occurred mainly at 5 to 7th days after larvae hatching. With the increasing of spawn times, the infected time became ahead and the larvae were diseased after being hatched 1 to 2 days. The stomach of diseased larvae shrinked gradually and the stomach wall tended to thick, rough and distorted till the stomach became nearly small globosity. In order to understand the kinds of pathogeny, the A. japonicus larvae and their parents were detected by the observations of negative stained samples and ultrathin sections. The tissue homogenate was prepared from the A. japonicus larvae and the tissue of their parents. The tissue samples were centrifuged (13 000 r·min-1, 8 min) twice after homogenizing, freezing and thawing. The supernatant solution wa s dripped on to a copper net and stained with 2% PTA for 5min and observed with electron microscopy. The diseased animals were also fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmium tetroxide solution. Samples were dehydrated and transferred into Epon 812 resin and then cut. Sections were stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate and observed. The observed results showed that amount of virus particles were observed on negative staining samples in the larvae homogenate, and most of them are approximately 75-200 nm in diameter. The virus particles were also found in the gonad, body wall, the alimentary canal and the respiratory trees of corresponding parents hatched the larvae. Farther examination of larvae by electron microscopic observation of ultrathin sections showed that the virus affected mainly the connective tissue cells and epithelial cells. The virions were approximately spherical or hexagonal with envelope, and the core structures with high electron densities in the envelope were observed. The gonad, the body wall, the intestines and the respiratory tree of paternal and maternal parents were also observed by negative staining. The results showed that this kind of virion located in all the tested organs and tissues.

Abstract:Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin) is a commercially valued species that naturally lives in the South China Sea. In order to study the reproductive biology of H. tuba, 216 mature individuals captured from the North Bay were measured. The reproductive habit, season and reproductive capacity, hatching development and development course of naiad and young H. tuba were determined, and the whole process embryonic development was observed and photographs were taken continuously. Based on the annual change of cultural experiments, it was concluded that the reproductive season of H. tuba was from April to May (24-28 ℃) every year in inshore Guangxi. The course of embryonic development occurred completely in egg capsule of H. tuba. It belongs to the direct developmental type. After hatching, it directly become naiad H. tuba and had no free life stage of larva. The parents mate many times in a reproductive period. The female spawns 2.1 times and lays 20.4 egg capsules in the average every reproductive period. The individual reproductive capacity is 43 thousands on the average. There are average 2 115 zygotes in an egg capsule, and the diameter of eggs was 240-320 μm, and only 10-30 could develop into naiads among them. Under 24-29 ℃, the naiad hatched after 29-30 days. Hatching rate is 98%. The juvenile developed into naiad and grew into 5.0 cm young H. tuba after 90 days. The reproductive habit, season and reproductive capacity, hatching development and development course of naiad and young were first reported in H. tuba. These results would provide the important scientific basis for the largescale artificial reproduction and the resources protection of H. tuba. And the optimal season of artificial reproduction is from April to May.

Abstract:In this decade, the production of penaeids using the traditional open pond method decreased seriously due to disease that spread via seawater. In order to prevent the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms from seawater, industrial shrimp farming system was rapidly constructed. With the continued development of industrial shrimp farming, there is an increasing need to improve our knowledge of behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimps cultured in hi ghdensity farming system. The aim of the present study is to observe the feeding, cannibalism, locomotion, spacing, attacking and defence of Fennerope naeus chinensis and Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae cultured in highdensity environment at (22±1) ℃. The effects of aeration on behavior of F.chinensis and L.vannamei postlarvae were also investigated. The results indicated that F.chinensis and L. vannamei postlarvae both showed preference for juvenile Artemia. F. chinensis postlarvae appeared frequently cannibalism, active, obvious spacing and highfrequently attacking. L. vannamei postlarvae appeared less cannibalism, less active, unconspicuous spacing and lowfrequently attacking. Furthermore, aeration had a significant effect on the behavior responses of two species. These behavioral strategies will further develop our understanding of the behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimps as well as define the optimal conditions for their highdensity aquaculture and design the feeding regimes in these species.

Abstract:Lake anchovy, Coilia ectenes taihuensis, a kind of smallsized and zooplanktivorous fish was the dominant fish in Lake Taihu. The changes of the fish catch and the relationship with environmental variation were studied, based on historical data from 1952 to 2004 and the studies from 2003 to 2005. The results were as follow: (1) The catches of the fish increased from 640.5 t in 1952 to 21 221 t in 2004. Especially since 1994 the increase had speeded up; (2) The age structure of the fish population was that 0+ individuals occupied only 33% in 1979 and 34% in 1980, but the figure increased to 99.04% ±2.21% in 2003 and 99.08%±0.80% in 2004; (3)0+ lake anchovy mainly fed on zooplankton. Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotifera respectively accounted for 89.77%±13.69%, 7.84%±11.53% and 2.39%±4.95% of its diet. The conclusion was that, human activities such as the obstructed buildings between river and the lake, over fishing, environmental pollution and the ecological characteristics of the fishes in Lake Taihu were responsible to the changes of catches and age structures of the fish. With the fish catches increasing, there was the trend of zooplankton standing mass declining during October in the lake. So the increase of the fish catches might enhance phytoplankton development in the lake.

Abstract:Zhang Zidao Island became the largest base for mariculture of Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis from 1995. Total culture areas of the scallops are about 47 000 hm2, annual yields arrived at 40 000 t in this area. In order to keep the aquaculture industry sustainability and to utilize the limited water areas reasonably and sufficiently, the carrying capacity of the scallop for Zhang Zidao Island was assessed by the methods of food limited indexes. Environment factors (tide change, water movement), chlorophyll a and primary production were measured. The clearance rates of different size scallop Patinopecten yessoensis were determined with flowthrough system and its population shell heightfrequency distributions of the scallop within the areas were measured in July and October. Results showed the average concentration of chlorophyll a was at the range of 1.23-2.85 mg·m-3［with the annual average of (1.78±0.57) mg·m-3］, primary production was (76.6±41.9) mg C·m-2·d-1. The average clearance rate of the scallop was (0.55±0.25) L·h-1·ind-1. Based on the above investigated data and annual yields and mariculture areas etc, food limited indexes (clearance efficiency, filtration pressure and regulation ratio) were calculated and the ecological carrying capacity and production carrying capacity were assessed. Both food limited indexes: filtration pressure and regulation ratio were between 0.05 and 1.0, clearance efficiency was lower than 0.05, which mean the suspended particle organic materials mainly come from the water exchange. Results showed that if the total water volume is used by the cultivated scallops, current cultured biomass of the scallop in Zhang Zidao Island was at the level of ecological carrying capacity (total individual is 12.8×108), which means at current status, the scallop cultivated behaviour has not great influence on the environment and there will be 20 times developing potential to get the level of production carrying capacity, the potential annual yield will be 32×108 individual.

Abstract:The Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, is a large freshwater fish which inhabits the Amur River basin and has been listed in Appendix II by CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Currently, the artificial aquaculture of the sturgeon has been developing rapidly in China, but little information is available about the nutrient requirements of the fish. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for proper mineralization and many other physiological functions for fish. Here the dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Amur sturgeon has been determined by a feeding trial. Six experimental isonitrogenous and isoenergetic purified diets were formulated containing increasing contents of phosphorus (0.18%, 0.40%, 0.71%, 0.98%, 1.38% and 1.66%, respectively). Monocalcium phosphate was used as dietary phosphorus source, casein and gelatin as protein source, dextrin as carbohydrate source, and soybean oil and maize oil as lipid source, respectively. Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of 20 Amur sturgeon juveniles with initial weight approximately 4.7g in 400L aquaria and maintained at 25.6±2.0℃ for 8 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain rate, feed efficiency and specific growth rate of the juveniles increased significantly with the increases of the dietary phosphorus level (P<0.05). These values reached the peak when the juveniles were fed the diet supplemented with 0.98% phosphorus, and then decreased significantly with the further increases of the dietary phosphorus level (P<0.05). The survival rate of the fish fed the control diet (0.18% phosphorus diet) was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). Supplementation of dietary phosphorus had no significant effect on the muscle moisture, crude protein, or crude lipid content of the juveniles (P>0.05). The fish fed the diets supplemented with 0.71%-1.66% dietary phosphorus had significantly higher ash, calcium, and phosphorus contents in vertebra than those fed the control diet and the 0.40% phosphorus diet (P<0.05). Broken-line regression analyses of these data indicated that the dietary phosphorus requirement for optimal growth and phosphorus content in vertebra of juvenile Amur sturgeon was 0.88%-1.00% of dry diet.

Abstract:The studies were conducted to determine the effects of VC on the immune actors of the Chinese mittenhanded crabs Eriocheir sinensis［initial mean weight of (37.52±2.29) g］. The crabs were distributed into the glass tanks of 200 L capacity using a completely randomized design with five treatments espectively and each treatment was stocked with 10 crabs and was run in triplicate per treatment. The crabs E. sinensis were fed 60 d with a series of test diets containing graded levels of VC ［0, 250, 500, 1000, 1500 mg·(100g)-1 diet respectively］. Each treatment was run in triplicate. The activities of phenoloxidase (PO), antibacterial performance (Ua), lysozyme (UL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were measured. The results indicated that the effects of dietary VC on the activities of PO, Ua, UL, SOD, AKP and ACP in the tissues and organs of E. sinensis were significant difference (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The activities of PO, Ua, UL, AKP and ACP in the serum, muscle, hepatopanc rea and ovary of E. sinensis were significantly enhanced with V C supplement increasing in the range from mg·(100g)-1 diet to 1000 mg· (100g)-1diet (P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, the activities of AKP were declined at 1500 mg·(100g)-1 diet VC. The activities of SOD in the serum, muscle, hepatopancrea and ovary of E. sinensis were significantly lowered with VC supplementation. VC could promoting non-special immunity, improve animal health, enhancing general metabolism of E. sinensis, and optimum supplementation of VC to increase nonspecific immunity in E. sinensis was 500-1000 mg·(100g)-1 diet VC. The study also revealed the relationship of the activities of enzymes and non-special immunity of E. sinensis.

Abstract:The effects of reared Daphnia magna by different diets with various lipid sources as the live food on the metamorphosis, survival and growth of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis during the juvenile development stages from magalopa to juvenile crab four(C4) were studied from May 20，2003 to June 22,2003. The mitten crabs with different development stages were divided into three experimental groups and fed on Daphnia magna reared by three different diets with various lipid sources, the first group fed on pure bread yeast(yeast group), the second one fed on pure bread yeast with 10% soybean oil(soybean group) enrichment, the third one fed on pure bread yeast with 10% fish oil enrichment (fish oil group), the water temperature during experiments is from 20-24 ℃. The results show that the juvenile crab with different development stages rearing with fish oil group food obtained the earlier metamorphosis, better survival and faster growth than those of the other two groups. The width of empty carapace of C3 (juvenile crab three) fed on fish oil group food and soybean oil group food is bigger than those of crab fed on yeast group food. The analysis of lipid content and fatty acid composition of different stages of juvenile crab with different foods group suggested that the crab fatty acid compositions reflected the corresponding dietary composition. The crab fed on fish oil group food tended to accumulate more lipid and higher composition of DHA, EPA, HUFA than those of other two group food, and crab fed on soybean oil group food tended to accumulate highest C18:2n6.The higher composition of DHA, EPA, HUFA) or C18:2n6 in the food (D. magna) results in good survival, growth and metamorphosis of the mitten crab. So the results demonstrated the importance of dietary EPA, DHA in Chinese mitten crab juvenile development stages, which shortened the critical period of metamorphosis timing and enhanced survival and growth. Dietary content of PUFA, probably high 18: 2n6 may also have a good result to enhance survival and metamorphosis timing and growth.

Abstract:Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) is one of the most important farmed species in China. During 1986-1992, China was a world leader in both the artificial propagation of shrimp larvae and harvest of cultured shrimp. However, the epizootic breakout in 1993 caused a serious decrease in the total harvest of cultured shrimp. One of the measures was to genetically improve the farming species. Many molecular genetics of F. chinensis were carried out to accelerate the breeding programs such as the analysis of mitochondrial genome and population genetic structures, screening of genetic markers linked to growth traits, etc. While the construction of the linkage map has been relatively slow. In the study, the primary genetic linkage maps of F. chinensis were constructed using “two way pseudo testcross” strategy with RAPD，SSR and AFLP markers. Parents and F1 progeny were used as segregating population. 61 RAPD primers, 20 pairs of microsatellite primers screened from 460 RAPD primers and 44 pairs of SSR primers combined 88 pairs AFLP primers were used to analyze the parents and 82 progeny of the mapping family. 783（237 RAPD, 45 microsatellites and 501 AFLPs）were segregating markers in which 761 markers were used to analysis. The female linkage map included 40 linkage groups, 15 triplets and 20 doublets, spanning 2835.5 cM with the average marker density of 12.5 cM, and the observed coverage was 73.5%. The male linkage map included 41 linkage groups, 6 triplets and 12 doublets, spanning 2776.7 cM, and the observed coverage was 73.3%. In addition, 5 microsatellite markers were mapped in both female and male linkage map that can be used for the construction of sexual linkage map of F. chinensis. Genetic linkage maps play a prominent role in many areas of genetics, including QTL analysis, mapbased cloning of genes, marker assisted selection (MAS) and comparative genomics. The main purpose of the study was to provide a theory basis for the construction of high consistency linkage map and promote the progress of genetic breeding programs of F. chinensis.

Abstract:Marine bacteria are in a stable starvation condition in seawater for most of the time. Expounding the survival strategy of pathogen in marine ecosystems is helpful understanding the characteristic of epidemiology. To get a better understanding of the starvation survival strategy of pathogenic V. fluvialis isolated from diseased Epinephelus awoara, bacterial cells in logphase were suspended in natural seawater and artificial seawater and kept at 28 ℃ for starvation study. At the initial starvation stage, all of the total bacteria number, viable bacteria number and CFU number of V. fluvialis in both seawater increased remarkably, but V. fluvialis in natural seawater exhibited more increase during a longer period than the counterpart in artificial seawater. After reaching their peaks, total bacteria number of V. fluvialis remained stable, while the CFU number and viable bacteria in artificial seawater fell more quickly than those in natural seawater. Starvation of V. fluvialis both in natural and artificial seawater resulted in increase of bacterial adhesion to the E. awoara’s skin mucus at the initial stage and sharp decrease at the later stage. Starved cells showed better resistance to high temperature and UV. The lowest detection limit of starved cells detected b y indirect ELISA was higher than that of log phase cells. The result of SDSPAGE showed less cellular protein bands of starved cells than the unstarved ones. The starved V. fluvialis were less virulent to mice than the log phase bacteria. The results indicated that V. fluvialis could survive for a long time in both natural and artificial seawater, and the starved cells were less virulent and more resistant to enviromental stresses.

Abstract:In order to obtain relevant data of Chinese shrimp allergen, and lay theoretical base for the allergen control, here the antigenic components and properties of Chinese shrimp were investigated. Its protein profiles were analyzed using SDSPAGE. Then westernblotting was used to determine th e major allergen of it. A new shrimp allergen was obtained with high erformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and its characterization was preliminarily studied by β elimination, UV a scan, peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) and IR spectrum. The result revealed that the major allergen of Chinese shrimp was molecules36 ku protein. It was a kind of glycoprotein and the total carbohydrate content was 4.4%. The bond between the polysaccharide and the protein was Otype glycopeptides linkage. The major allergen of Chinese shrimp showed high sequence identity with that of other shellfish.

Abstract:Pinctada martensii is an important cultured marine mollusc in the southern China. In order to draw up tissuespecific gene expression map, nine cDNA libraries of P. martensii, including blood, foot, gill, stomach, liver, heart, mantle,pearl sac and Polydora ciliata infected blood, were constructed. Total ly 6979 ESTs were obtained by sequencing clones from these cDNA libraries. Thoroughly screened with the software of Misa, at a criterion of at least 5, 4, 4, 4, 3 to the copy level of di, tri, tetra, pentra, hex motif respectively, a total number of 268 simple repeat sequences were found. 243 ESTs (3.48%) have at least one microsatellite repeat. Among these 9 cDNA libraries, 6.16％ pearl sac ESTs, the highest, contain microsatellite, while the lowest, 1.65%P. ciliata infected blood ESTs have at least one microsatellite. In the 268 repeat sequences, the number of the dinucleotide repeats is 130，about 48.5%, and the most among all of the repeat sequence s. (AT/AT)n, the most, account for 29.1% of total repeat sequences. The second is the trinucleotide repeats, 83, almost 31%. More than 50% are the two most abundant trinucleotide repeats types of (AAT/ATT)n and (AAG/CTT)n. The third is the tetranucleotide repeats, 30(11.2%), and (AAAT/ATTT)n nearly reaches 50% of tetranucleotide repeats. Primers can be designed in 151 microsatellite containing ESTs. 130 pairs of primers, about 86.09%, could be amplified in P. martensii DNA. There was no difference of microsatellite containing EST ratio among plasmid libraries and phage libraries. However, libraries constructed with ZAPcDNA synthesis method have much higher ratio of microsatellite containing EST than those with SMART cDNA. 45 EST-SSRs were confirmed to be polymophic by PCR and PAGE electrophoresis in 8 individuals, 4 each from Sanya population and Indian population respectively. Thesepolymophic ESTSSRs will be useful for molecular genetics study，identification and wild resource conservation.

Abstract:Dosidicus gigas is one of important fishing targets in the Chinese squidigging fishery which is distributed in the high seas off Chile. Effective utilization of fishattracting light power is an important aspect of fishing techniques. In the paper, light attenuation coefficient is estimated based on the in suit measurement of light intensity in the squid fishing ground off the coast of Chile. Meanwhile, the calculation model of underwater light illumination is established theoretically, and the “Xinshji No.52” squid fishing vessels is considered as an example to analyses effective utilization of fishattracting light power. The results show that the light attenuation coefficient of metal halide lights equals to 0.2 in the water. With the lights moving up, the suitable illumination volume between 0.1 and 10 lx (called the “effective v olume”) increases continuously, but the increasing ratio displays a downward trend, it is appropriate for the vessel to set the height of lights at 6.5 m. Effective volume can be maximized by setting lights distance at 0.55 m, therefore, it is proposed that lights distance increase from 0.5 m to 0.55 m in the vessel. Effective volume increases with total power of fish attracting lights, and reaches the maximum at total power of 300 kW. It is recommended that the total power of the vessel reduce from 360 kW to 300 kW. The setting and requirements of fishattracting light can be modified according to fishing area and fishing target. It is not advisable to put more and more power on fishattracting light.

Abstract:Based on Jian carp and Huanghe carp, three populations including selfing of JL(Jian carp♀× Jian carp)，direct cross JH(Jian carp♀× Huanghe carp♂) and backcross HJ(Huanghe carp♀× Jian carp♂) were established and tagged by PIT(passive integrated transponder) system with concerned growth parameters measured on 157，398，598 days after hatching respectively. The major results were as follows. (1) The orders of the growth rates were HJ>JH>JL on 157 and 398 days and the difference between JL and HJ was significant(P<0.05). On 598 days, it turned out to be JL>JH>HJ and the difference among offspring was not significant(P>0.05). (2) CV of body weight and CV of body length shared the same tendency that was HJ>JH>JL on 157 and 398 days and JL>HJ>JH on 598 days. CV of body length was smaller than that of body weight. (3) Fullness increased with time and it was the highest in JL. The difference between JL and JH，JL and HJ was significant. (4) The growth differences between female and male carps were significant. The growth rate of female carps was faster than that of JL all the time, whereas male ones only showed the growth advantage over JL on 157 days and heterosis declined on 398，598 days. (5) The decision coefficient of body length to body weight played a leading role on 398 days. On 598 days, the decision coefficients of body height played a leading role for HJ(♀)，JL(♀) and body length for JL(♂)，HJ♂)，JH(♀). For JH(♂), the decision coefficient of body length and body height were almost the same. (6) Difference of body weight and absolute growth rate of body weight were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by breeding days, but the influence was h ighly significant (P<0.01) to body length, absolute growth rate of body length, instantaneous growth rate of body weight, CV of body weight, growth index and fullness. The influence produced by different populations and different sex of fish was highly significant to all the growth parameters above.

Abstract:Oyster is one of the commercially important shellfish species in the world, and oyster cultivation has been one of the most prevalent shellfish quaculture industries. Selective breeding researches and programs for several commercial oyster species are briefly reviewed and the progress made from these programs is summarized in this paper. Particularly, the achievement of genetic improvement for growth, yield and disease resistance in some economically important oysters (the Pacific oyster, American oyster, European oyster and Sydney rock oyster et al.) is outlined accordingly here. So far, some fast growth lines and disease resistant strains have already been created. Two strategies, mass selection or family selection, were employed in these sel ective researches and programs. Both of them have been proved effective and fruitful. The estimations of heritability for live weight and whole size were in the range of 0.25-0.69 and of 0.2-0.5, respectively. All these efforts and results clearly showed that the regular breeding theories and techniques were applicable to oysters. Hopefully, the developments of regular breeding technology and that of molecular biology technology are expected to create a new era for oyster breeding science and practices in the future.

Abstract:The full length cDNA of toll-like receptor 3 were cloned from Carassius auratus gibelio gill by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）and rapid amplification of cDNA ends（RACE）. Sequence analysis revealed a 3170 bp cDNA containing 181 bp 5 ’-untranslated region，283 bp 3 ’-untranslated region and 2706 bp open reading frame（ORF）which encoded 901 amino acids . The deduced amino acid sequence of Carassius auratus gibelio had high similarity with that of Carassiu auratus(goldfish)，Danio rerio，Ictalurus punctatus，Oncorhynchus mykiss and Takifugu rubripes. The similarities were 92%, 88%, 79%, 75% and 72%，respectively. The full-length TLR3 of Carassius auratus gibelio contained a signal peptide in the first 21 amino acid residues, 15 leucine-rich regions (LRR) from 50th to 695th amino acid residue, a transmembrane region (TM) from 704th to 726th residue, a Toll/IL-1R homologous region (TIR) from 754th to 897th residue. Alignment with amino acids sequence of TIR from Carassius auratus gibelio, Homo sapiens and Danio rerio indicated, Phe728、Leu738、Tyr756 and Arg736 of Carassius auratus gibelio played an important role both in the receptor signaling and intracellular localization. The three-dimensional structure of Carassius auratus gibelio TLR3 ectodomain (TLR3-ECD) showed horseshoe-shaped structure and had high similarity with that of human TLR3-ECD. Carassius auratus gibelio TLR3-ECD possessed 1 disulfide bond at N-terminal and 2 at C-terminal. The extensive β-sheet on the molecular’s concave surface formed a platform several modifications, including insertions in the LRRs and 14 N-linked glycosylation sites.

Abstract:Enzyme analytical method was used to investigate the activities and distributions of protease, amylase, cellulase in straight intestine, middle intestine, inner intestine, digestive gland, stomach and crystalline from three different styles of Hyriopsis cumingii. The morphology and structure of crystalline style were also examined by paraffin section, light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the relationship among digestive enzymes activities in all the six kinds of digestive organs was amylase＞cellulase＞protease, and amylase activity was significantly higher than cellulase and protease. Both protease and amylase activities were significantly higher in crystalline style, while cellulase activities were higher in stomach and orstraight. In contrast to a marked rise in protease activity, the amylase and cellulase demonstrated pronounced decreasing trend accompanied by the increasing wet weight of Hyriopsis cumingii. Compared to the solid line of crystalline style under starvation, a food channel was formed when Hyriopsis cumingii was full, which circumgyrated in one direction to mill, separate, enwrap food and digested them finally.