• Volume 32,Issue 1,2008 Table of Contents
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    • Genetic structure and evolution characters in three populations of Coilia mystus based on cytochrome b gene segment sequence of mitochondrial DNA

      2008, 32(1):1-7. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:To clarify the genetic structure and evolutionary characters in three populations of Coilia mystus, the mitochondrial DNA cyt b gene was used in this study. A total of 65 fish, i.e., 21 individuals from the Yangtze River estuary, 22 from the Minjiang River estuary, and 22 from the Pearl River estuary, were collected. Sequences of cyt b gene segments amplified by PCR were used. 607 consensus sequences of cyt b were obtained. Thereinto, 102 were variable sites, accounting for 16.8% of total sequence, and 68 were parsimony sites. They were all transitional and transversional variations, and no indels were found. The content of A+T(57.6%) is bigger than G+C(42.4%). The index of nucleotide diversity is largest in the Minjiang population among these three populations. Selection tests disclose that natural selection operates at molecular level within these three populations.In the total 65 sequences, 34 distinct haplotypes were detected. Genetic distance within the populations were between 0.3% and 1.2%, and between populations were from 0.8% to 10.8%. The largest genetic distance was 10.8% between the Yangzte River population and the Pearl River population, and the smallest was 0.8% between the Minjiang River population and the Pearl River population. AMOVA analysis disclosed that variation between populations accounting for 90.25% of total variation,suggesting between population variations are the main source of total variation. This study suggests that the genetic divergence between the Yangtze River population and the Minjiang River population, the Pearl River population maybe arrived at subspecies level.

    • Analysis of mtDNA COⅡ sequence and phylogeny in three populations of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis

      2008, 32(1):8-12. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:In this paper, mitochondrial COⅡ gene sequences with 693 bp were analyzed from Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) of the Yangtze Rive in China, the Thames River in the United Kingdom and the San Francisco Bay in U.S.A. 20 variable sites were found in the Yangtze River p opulation, 8 and 7 variable sites were found in the Thames River and the San Fra ncisco Bay populations, respectively. The haplotype diversities for the Yangtze River, Thames River and San Francisco Bay populations were 0.8433, 0.8158 and 0. 7821 respectively, and the nucleotide diversities were 0.0048, 0.0031 and 0.0039 , respectively. AMOVA analysis showed that significant genetic divergence existe d in populations of the Yangtze River with Thames River and San Francisco Bay, b ut there was not significant divergence between the Thames River and San Francis co Bay populations. Phylogenetic tree based on NJ methods and the analysis of Mi nimum Spanning Network all indicated that there would have occurred gene flow be tween the Times river and the San Francisco Bay populations. The results showed that the San Francisco Bay population could have originated from both China and Europe.

    • The sequence and expression of the immunoglobulin M heavy chain cDNA of Ctenopharyngodon idellus

      2008, 32(1):13-20. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:The full cDNA sequence of immunoglobulin M heavy chain of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) has been cloned using RACEPCR. It has 1 940 nucleotides, including 5′ UTR of 20 nucleotides and 3′ UTR of 189 nucleotides. Its open reading frame has 1 731 nucleotides which encode a 576 amino acid peptide. The deduced amino acid sequence of grass carp IgM had the highest similarity with Cyprinus carpio (68%). The similarity with Danio rerio, Ictalurus punctatus, Siniperca chuatsi and Gadus morrhua was 61%,43%,33% and 30%, respectively. Clustal X analysis showed that the conserved cysteines and tryptophans exist in grass carp IgM. Phycogenetic analysis placed grass carp IgM and the putative zebrafish IgM into one seperate cluster. The results fro m realtime PCR showed that the grass carp IgM transcripts were detected mainly in lymphoid tissues such as head kidney, kidney and spleen, indicating that the y are main organs for the production of IgM.

    • Comparison study on the spermary histological structure of triploidy and diploid Carassius auratus gibelio

      2008, 32(1):21-26. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:The curcian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) is distributed mainly over Europe, northeast and northwest China.In northeast China,especially in Heilongjiang water, the crucian carp has two subspecies.The one was considered to be troploid that has 150± chromosomes in its somatic cells, and reproduces by gynogenesis. There are only some 5%-25% males in this population. The other was regarded as diploid whose somatic cells has 100± chromosomes. Spermary histological structures of triploid and diploid in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) were investigated by means of light microscope.The results indicated no abnormalities were found in spermatogenesis of the triploid,and its spermary which is similar to the diploid is lobular type which constituted by out membrane and parenchyma. The seminiferous lobulas are composed of several cysts and distribute in radiation.The spermatocyte and immature spermatid located in the permatogenic cysts,after spermatozoa have matured, the spermatozoa were released into lumen of seminiferous lobula out of the spermatogenic cysts. There were several leydig cells among seminiferous lobulas. However,mature spermatozoa in lobule lumen o f the triploid were obviously less than those in the diploid.The crucian carp m ay have reproduced gynogeneticaly before diploidization but has now become diplo id in behaviour.The change of reproductive form might be a long transition peri od. The triploid is fertile and can form mature spermatozoa after meiosis,whic h was regarded as triploid would be hexaploid or is undergoing the course of dip loidization.

    • Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Hucho taimen

      2008, 32(1):27-31. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Ultrastructure of spermatozoon of Hucho taimen in Wusuli River was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The spermatozoon of Hucho taimen consisted of a head, a midpiece and a tail. The head was ovoid in shape, of which the main structure was nucleus. It had no acrosome and at its caudal end the nucleus had an implantation fossa. The nucleus consisted of electron dense chromatin materials and contained irregularly netlike gap. The midpiece consisted of the centriolar complex and the sleeve. The proximal centriole, which is made up of nine triplets of peripheral microtubules, and the distal centriole were arranged at a right angle to each other. The sleeve, which contained a high number of mitochondria and vesicles, was connected to the posterior end of the nucleus. Some of the single mitochondria were fused with each other and formed a complex chondriosome. The main structure of the tail was axoneme, which was slim and long. The structure of the tail was of the typical “9+2” model. At the proximal end of the tail there were many vesicles outside the axoneme. The distal end of the tail, however, did not contain any vesicles. The tail had lateral fins, which were undulating and arranged symmetrically.

    • The relation between morphology, distribution and function of the oropharyngeal cavity gustatory organ of the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

      2008, 32(1):32-38. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:To research the role of the oropharyngeal cavity gustatory organ of Cynoglossus semilaevi in the feeding behavior and the relation between morphology and function of the gustatory organ, the relations between morphology, distribution and function of the oropharyngeal cavity gustatory organ of C.semilaevi were investigated by using scanning electron microscopic and behavioural experiments methods. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed that the distribution of the gustatory organ is comparatively concentrative, and Type Ⅰ taste buds were located on the inner surface of the snout tip while those of Type Ⅱ were mainly found on the upper surface of both the front and the central part of the tongue. Behavioral experiments showed that both Type I and Type II taste buds on the inner surface of the snout tip and on the upper surface of the tongue were sensitive to both chemical and mechanical stimuli, and the texture of the food is as important as its chemical nature to the fish. It is suggested that Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ taste buds do have the function of mechanoreception as well as chemoreception. In addition, the present paper also indicated that the morphology and distribution of the oropharyngeal cavity gustatory organ of C.semilaevi are adaptations to its predatory feeding habit.

    • Comparative study on quality evaluation of Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in different models

      2008, 32(1):39-44. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:The instrumental measurement methods (nutrition components analysis and texture measurement) and sensory evaluation were integrated to set up the shrimp quality determination system by the criteria of palatability.This system was adopted to compare the quality difference in three kinds of shrimp, nonpollution shrimps(short for nonsocialeffectsofpollution shrimps), seawater shrimps and freshwater shrimps. The results showed that there is no significant difference (P>0.05) of the nutritional components between these shrimps. IMP of the nonpollution shrimps is the highest in them, and it reaches 2.76 mg·g-1.The advantages of nonpollution shrimps are sho wed in the amino acid test of essential amino acid, nonessential amino acids flavor amino acid and total amino acid index. The attributes of nonpollution shrimps are mostly similar to sea water shrimps in the trained sensory evaluation. No differences(P>0.05) of color and aroma were observed in these sh rimps, and the flavor and tenderness of nonpollution shrimps are better than other two shrimps. The fresh water shrimps have the best juiciness intensity. Significant effect(P<0.05) on hardness of these three kinds of shrimp was detected in the texture measurement. There was no differences(P>0.05) between the nonpollution shrimps and sea water shrimps for the springiness and chewiness, but reversed between nonpollution shrimps and fresh water shrimps. The results of instrumental texture measurement are quite correlated with those of sensory evaluation. Being adopted to elucidate quality differences of Litopenaeus vannamei, this method might aid the establishment of its quality evaluation.

    • Comparative study on the flesh quality of hybrid F3 and its parents: Big-head carp, Amur carp and German mirror carp

      2008, 32(1):45-50. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:In order to compare the flesh quality of hybrid F3 and its parents of Bighead carp, Amur carp and German mirror carp, the muscle color, tenderness, pH, olding water capacity, losing water capacity and the fiber characteristics were studied in this paper. The results showed that: 1) For the hybrid F3, the lightness was 47.37, redness was 1.85, yellowness was 3.27,tenderness was 1.65 kg·f,pH was 6.62,losing water capacity was 22.54%,holding water capacity was 97.30%,the fiber cross section was 128.76 μm2 and the fiber density was 183.38 fiber·mm-2, the ratio of fiber area to unit area was 55.55%. 2)Comparison between hybrid F3 and its parents, the brightness of F3 was near the Amur carp, but was higher than Big-head carp and German mirror carp; the redness was near Big-head carp and Amur carp, but was lower than German mirror carp; the tenderness of F3 was near the Big-head carp, but lower than Amur carp and German mirror carp; the fiber cross section was near the Bighead carp, but lower than Amur carp and German mirror; the fiber density was near the Bighead carp, but higher than Amur carp and German mirror; and there were no significant differences of pH, losing water capacity, holding water capacity, muscle yellowness and the ratio of fiber area to unit area between the hybrid F3 and the parents. The results showed that the hybrid F3 has inherited the better flesh quality, which was near the Bighead carp, and the hybrid carp can be cultivated to be a good aquaculture species.

    • Genetic analysis of the intergenus hybridization of Pseudosciaena crocea(♀)× Miichthys miiuy(♂)

      2008, 32(1):51-57. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Pseudosciaena crocea(♀)and Miichthys mijuy(♂)was produced in this study. The results showed that the fertilization rate was 56.25%, and the hatching rate was 45.24%; however, the survival rate was only 0.65% at fry stage. The genetic analysis on the relationship between the F1 progenies and their parents were carried out using AFLP and microsatellite markers. Clear parental specific bands were amplified from all the four microsatellite loci(LYC0003,LYC0006,LYC0007,LYC0008), but none of paternal specific bands were found in all the 26 F1 progenies. In the AFLP results, a total of 312 bands was produced with 4 selective primer pairs (E-ACC/M-CAG, E-AAC/M-CAT, E-AAC/M-CTA, E-AGC/M-CTC), of which 132 were maternal specific bands, 94 were paternal specific bands, and 32 were nonparental bands. The average genetic similarity among the F1 progenies was 0.891, genetic distance was 0.116. The average genetic distance between the F1 progenies and their mother was 0.159, while it was 1.307 between them and their father. The results suggested that the F1 progenies were allogynogens for high genetic identity between the F1 and the female parent.

    • Growth of the juvenile hybrids from different crossing combinations of the imported Scophthalmus maximus

      2008, 32(1):58-64. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Five batches of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L., imported from 2003 to 2005 was collected to initiate the genetic breeding program. The five batches of turbot were Spain (S), Chile (C), Denmark (D), England (E) and France (F) respectively. The unbalanced nest design was adopted and five cross combinations (thirty one fullsib families) were obtained by in vit ro fertilization. Sample of fifty individuals was randomly collected from each f amily, and body length (cm) and the body weight (g) of fry on 25 days and 80 day s were analysed by variance analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that there was significant difference in body weight of fry on 25 days and 80 days. Leastsignificant difference for comparisons of multi average in body weight showed the fastest growth rate occured in the cross betwe en the Danish batch and the French batch. The results of the cluster analysis in dicated that five cross combinations could be divided into two groups. The first group including two cross combinations (D×C and D×F) was better than the othe r groups including three cross combinations (D×S, D×E and E×S) on growth rate . The families with better growth rate were found in each cross and the ANOVA an alysis for body weight showed it was significantly different among the cross com binations. The data sorting of body length and the body weight on 25 days and 80 days ranked different in most cross and families. The results of the correlatio n analysis showed that the correlation index (0.132, 0.096) and determination co efficients (0.017, 0.009) were small between the body length and the body weight of fry on 25 days and 80 days. It was clear that the growth time gave slightly indirect effect on body weight from 25 days to 80 days. The early growth traits varied in different hybrids cross combinations of the imported turbot. The resul ts of this study imply the need and efficiency for turbot genetic breeding, by h ybridization and selection based on Best Linear Unbiased Prediction, for the imp orted Scophthalmus maximus L.

    • Studies on the dietary niacin requirement of juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus

      2008, 32(1):65-70. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Niacin is an essential nutrient for growth and health of fish. The signs of niacin deficiency in most fish species are loss of appetite, poor growth and increased mortality. The objective of this study is to detect the suitable requirement of niacin in diet of juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus, a primary aquacultural breed in China. Prior to the start of experiment, all the fish were acclimated to the experimental condition for 2 weeks and fed the basal diet,then thirty healthy fish were randomly distributed to each of 21 experimental fiberglass tanks connected to a flow through system. Niacin was added to the basal diet at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320mg•kg-1 diet, and the actual content of niacin in diets were 5.1, 9.8, 16.6, 32.2, 66.7, 130.1, 271.5mg•kg-1 diet respectively based on determination by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The 7 dietary were fed to randomly assigned triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 12.43±1.80g). All fish were fed at a rate of 2-3% of their body weight per day in three equal feedings. Fish were batch-weighted by tank once every two weeks and the daily ration were adjusted accordingly. Experiment was conducted for 8 weeks. The results showed that: 1. The addition of niacin to diets had no effect on condition factor but significantly improved fish specific growth rate(SGR) ,weight gain rate(WGR) and survival rate(SR). The highest SGR and WGR were observed at group of 32.2 mg•kg-1, while feed conversion rate(FCR) were lowest,these indexes had significant difference from the other 6 groups; 2. There were no significant difference in carcase moisture, crude ash of the fish. The crude lipid of fish in experimental groups were significantly higher than the control group but there were no difference among the experimental groups. The crude protein of 66.7 mg•kg-1 group were significantly higher than the control group and 9.8mg•kg-1 group; 3. The addition of niacin to diets significantly improved hemoglobin(HB) and red blood count(RBC) but had no effect on serum cholesterol(CHOL) and triglyceride(TG). The high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) and Low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) were significantly higher than the control group and 9.8 mg•kg-1 group when the fish fed above 16.6 mg niacin per kg diet. The results of this study demonstrated that dietary niacin could improve growth performance, decrease mortality. Using the broken-line analysis model,the dietary niacin requirement for juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus based on specific growth rate(SGR) was 25.5mg•kg-1 which could maintain maximum growth of the fish.

    • Effect of dietary cassava meal on growth, feed utilization and body composition of Jifu strain of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

      2008, 32(1):71-76. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:The Jifu strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus[body weight of (1.29±0.25) g] were fed with five isonitrigenous (32% protein) and isoenergetic (16 kJ·g-1 gross energy) diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% cassava meal for 56 days, each treatment was triplicate. The weight gain (WG), feed coefficient (FC), protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent digestibility (AD) and body composition of tested fish were measured. The cassava meal might improve growth and feed utilization of tested fish. The WG, FC and PER of the fish fed with 40% cassava meal were 1470.99% (P<0.05), 2.36(P<0.05) and 1.27(P<0.05)respectively. The dry matter AD and the protein AD of the fish fed with 40% cassava meal were 79.51% and 94 .83%, which were 13.87% and 7.93% more than those of the control (P<0.05). The lipid AD of the fish fed with 40% cassava meal was 94.73%, which was lower than that of the control (P<0.05). The contents of cru de protein and ash of the fish body in 40% cassava meal group were 7.07% and 8.7 8% higher than those of the control (P<0.05), but the content of its crude lipid was 13.00% lower than that in the control (P<0.05). 30%-40% cassava meal in the diet of tested fish was suggested.

    • Evaluation of nutritive quality and nutrient components in the muscle of Siganus oramin

      2008, 32(1):77-83. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Nutrient components in the muscle of Siganus oramin were investigated in this paper. Sample fish(n=10) were collected from t he South China Sea, near Qionghai city of Hainan Province in May of 2006. The ex amination results showed that the content of moisture, crude ash, crude protein and crude fat in fresh muscle of S. oramin were 74.52%, 1.09%, 19.64 % and 4.71%, respectively. Eighteen common amino acids were found in the muscle of S. oramin, including 8 essential amino acids(EAA), 2 halfessential amino acids (HEAA) and 8 nonesse ntial amino acids (NEAA). In dry sample, the total content of amino acids(TAA) was 68.33%; the content of EAA,HEAA and NEAA were 30.40 %,6.40% and 31.55% respectively. Four kinds of delicious amino acids(DAA) accounted for 24.37% in dry sample; the ratio of total delicious amino acids to total amino acids (WDAA/WTAA) was 35.66%. The essential amino acids index(EAAI) was 61.07, the ratio of total essential amino acids to total amino acids (WEAA/WTAA) was 44.48%, and the ratio of total essential amino acids to total nonessential amino acids(WEAA/WNEAA) was 96.35%. It was clear that the content of the different ami no acids was stable and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organ ization (FAO/WHO) Standard. According to nutrition evaluation in amino acids sco re (AAS) and chemical score (CS), the first limited amino acid w as Met + Cys and the second limited amino acid was Trp. 10 saturated fatty acids (SFA), 6 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 9 poly unsaturated fatty acid s (PUFA) were found in the muscle of S. oramin. The contents of EPA and DHA in fatty acids were 3.13% and 18.03%, respectively, which were much higher tha n those of most fish species. The composition of mine ral elements in the muscle of S. oramin was reasonable and the t race elements such as Zn and Se were rich. In conclusion, this investigation ind icated that S. oramin is a nutritive and delicious food fish, an d it could be a potential aquaculture species.

    • Effects of soybean protein isolate on growth performance and intestine of Cyprinus carpio var. jian juveniles

      2008, 32(1):84-90. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:To study the effects of soybean protein isolate (SPI) on growth performance and intestines of juvenile Jian carps (Cyprinus c arpio var.jian), 720 fish with initial body weight of (11.34±0.16) g we re averagely allocated to 5 groups with 3 replications, feeding isonitrogenous d iets with white fish meal protein replaced by 0, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% SPI prot ein respectively for 9 weeks. The results showed that weight gain, SGR, feed in take, intestine weight, intestine length, height of proximal and distal intestin al folds were significantly decreased while feed coefficient increased at the 60 %-100% substitution (P<0.05), and it was accompanied by patholo gical disruption of the proximal and distal intestines including sloughing of ep ithelium tip, widening of lamina propria and increasing amounts of leukocytes in it. At the 60%-100% replacement, lysozyme content of middle and distal intestin es increased (P<0.05) compaired to that of sole fish meal prote in group; while corresponding antibody level was respectively increased (P<0.05) when 60%-80% and 60% fishmeal protein was replaced, followed by relative significant decrease at higher substitution. It is concluded that SP I has negative effect on growth performance of juvenile Jian carps when compared to white fish meal, and high level dietary SPI suppresses intestine growth and disrupts intestine mucosal. Pathological disruption of intestinal mucosal involv ed changes of intestine nonspecific and specific immune induced by SPI. In a d iet for juvenile Jian carps, SPI can be used to replace 40% of fish meal protein without negative effect on feed utilization.

    • Effects of substitution of live prey by microdiet on growth, survival and activities of digestive enzymes of larval Pseudosciaena crocea

      2008, 32(1):91-97. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:A 30day feeding experiment was conducted in tanks t o examine the effects of substitution levels of live prey (LP) by microdiet (M D) on growth, survival, body composition and digestive enzymes of large yellow c roaker larvae, Pseudosciaena crocea. Five treatments with microd iet replacing 0% (0% MD), 25% (25% MD), 50% (50% MD), 75% (75% MD) and 100% (100 % MD) of live prey, were used. Each treatment was randomly assigned to triplicat e groups of tanks, and each tank was stocked with 3 500 larvae. The results show ed that the substitution of LP by MD significantly influenced the growth, surviv al, body composition and digestive enzymes of large yellow croaker larvae. The s pecific growth rates (SGR) of 50% MD and 75% MD were significantly higher than t hose of 100% MD (P<0.05), and the SGR of 75% MD were significan tly higher than those of 0% MD and 25% MD (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in SGR between 50% MD and 75% MD. The cha nges of survival rates among different tested groups followed the similar patter n as that of SGRs. Carcass protein content declined with the increasing of the s ubstitution levels, and carcass protein contents of 50% MD, 75% MD and 100% MD w ere significantly lower than 0% MD and 25% MD (P<0.05). On the c ontrary, carcass lipid content increased with the increasing of substitution lev els. The amylase specific activities of 100% MD were significantly higher than t hose of the other groups (P<0.05), but trypsin specific activit ies were not significantly different among dietary treatments. Therefore, these results indicate that substituting 50%-75% of LP by MD after 12day hatching in fry production of large yellow croaker is appropriate.

    • Immunogenicity and WSSV resistance of anti WSSV Penaeus japonicus F3

      2008, 32(1):98-104. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Diseaseresistant thoroughbred breeding is considere d to be a feasible means to control white spot syndrome of cultured shrimps. For a better understanding of the immunogenicity and WSSV resistance ability of ant iWSSV Penaeus japonicus F3, so that some constructive inform ation can be obtained to improve the breeding of diseaseresistant shrimp, the antiWSSV P. japonicus F3 and the healthy normal shrimps were injected with white spot syndrome virus(WSSV) suspension with a density of 1×1 05 virus per mL. The mortality of the injected shrimp was recorded and the hem olymphs of shrimps from both groups were collected at 0, 4, 24, 48, 96 h posti njection for the evaluation of the immunoparameters such as PO, ACP, AKP, SOD an d protein concentration. The results showed that: the mortalities of antiWSSV F3 and the control shrimp were 15% and 85% at 14 d postinjection, respective ly, and the protective rate of antiWSSV F3 was increased by 82.4%; before in jection, the values of all of the immunoparameters in the hemolymphs of the anti WSSV P. japonicus F3 were higher than those of the control shr imps, and the values of PO and AKP activities as well as the protein concentrati on exhibited extremely significant difference (P<0.01) from tho se of control group; five immunity indices exhibited the similar trends with the values of the antiWSSV F3 always higher than those of the control shrimps e xcept ACP. The results indicate that antiWSSV P. japonicus F3 can effectively protect themselves from WSSV by the stronger immune function. The results also indicate the promising future of further diseaseresistant tho roughbred breeding of P. japonicus.

    • Identification of the main proteins binding with pathogen directly in Litopenaeus vannamei serum

      2008, 32(1):105-110. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:It has been proved that natural immunity played an vital role in invertebrate animals, and mainly depended on nonspecific immunit y molecules with the mode of pathogenassociated molecular pattern to recognize pathogen and then to perform immune functions. In order to search the main pro teins with function of recognizing directly pathogen in shrimp serum, an attempt was made to purify and identify the proteins bound directly to pathogens includ ing Vibrio alginolyticus,Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila an d Staphylococcus aureus in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei serum using the methods of affinity proteomic and Westernblotting in th e current study. The results showed that a protein with 75 000 (namely p75) in the shrimp serum could bind directly to the four pathogens in comparison wit h its control group respectively after the four types of pathogen reacted with shri mp serum for 5 h. While they reacted for 15 h another shrimp serum protein with 77 000 (namely p77) and several other proteins (0-4) with different molecular we ights also bound directly to the four pathogens. Then p75 and p77 proteins were cut out from the gels and subjected to MALDI-TOF/MS analysis. The search results obtained from Mascot search engine in NCBInr database indicated that p75 and p7 7 proteins were identified to be Litopenaeus vannimei hemocyanin sub units with about 75 000 and 77 000 respectively. Moreover, the p75 protein was d ocumented to be strongly reacted with rabbit anti-shrimp hemocyanin 75 000 subun it antibody specially. Thus, these results led to be deduced that hemocyanin was the main protein binding directly to different pathogens in the shrimp L. vannimei serum, suggesting that hemocyanin probably possesses directly a ntibacterial function and would be helpful for research of hemocyanin’s nonsp ecific immune activities and its mechanism.

    • The acute and chronic effects of a non PSP producer, Alexandrium affine on Neomysis awatschensis

      2008, 32(1):111-116. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:In this paper, the effects of Alexandrium affine on the survival, growth and reproduction of Mysid Neomysis awatschensis were studied. The results showed that A. affine had an acute lethal effect on N. awatschensis and the 96 h LC50 was about 5 000 cells·mL-1. The toxicity comparison of differen t fractions (Algal culture, resuspended cells, freecell medium, and cell con tent) showed that the algal culture and resuspended algal cells had the remark able adverse effect on the survival of N. awatschensis, while th e freecell medium and cell content also had the adverse impact, although not s ignificant, indicating that the toxicity of A. affine was mostly related with the living algal cells. Chronic experiment (63 days) showed that t he reproduction of N. awatschensis was obviously affected at 50 cells·mL-1 A. affine. At the end of the experiment, the h ighest number of juveniles per day, the total numbers of juveniles produced and the total releasing days were reduced, and the first releasing time was delayed , as well as reproduction break of the parent mysids were increased, when expo sed to the algae. It was also found that A. affine could affect the survival and growth of the parent mysid: in 50 cells·mL-1 A. affine, the survival rate of N. awatschensis was 71%. The length and weight of adult shrimps were 87.3% and 97.8%, respectively, but the difference was not significant(P>0.05). Therefore, A.affine could have adverse influence on population and resources of crustacean.

    • Preparation of radical scavenging peptides from Oreochromis niloticus skin gelatin and its antioxidative activity

      2008, 32(1):117-124. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Gelatin extracted from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin was hydrolyzed with serial digestions in the order of Bromelain and Alcalase. The antioxidative activity in vitro of tilapia skin gelatin hydrolysates (TGH) was researched. The results showed TGH had strong su peroxide/hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and the IC50 value was 3.13 m g·mL-1 and 3.58 mg·mL-1, respectively. The TGH was fractionated in to five major types of TGHⅠ(>10 ku), TGHⅡ(10-5 ku), TGHⅢ(5-3 ku), TGH Ⅳ(3-1 ku), and TGHⅤ(below 1 ku) using an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane bio reactor system based on the molecular weight cutoffs. The fraction of TGHⅤ, exhibited the highest superoxide scavenging activity, was further purified usin g consecutive chromatographic methods including gel filtration, ionexchange ch romatography, and reversephase high performance liquid chromatography. The pur ified peptide had a strong scavenging ability on superoxide and the IC50 v alue was 4.6 μg·mL-1. And the molecular weight of the pu rified peptide was between 311.3-932.8 u determined by MS.

    • Study on the ecosystem based management for the international river basin

      2008, 32(1):125-130. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Ecosystem management based on our best understanding of the ecosystem composition, the structure and function, and in definite spatiot emporal scales, it integrates human values and socialeconomic principles into managing ecosystems to restore and/or sustain ecosystem integrity and sustainabi lity. Under the direction of sustainable theory, it is the tendency to adopt the method of ecosystem management to develop and manage the international river ba sin comprehensively. Therefore, the concept and system of the international rive r basin management should be changed towards the systematic protection of the ri ver basin ecosystem. On the basis of analyzing the disadvantage of legal regime of comprehensive river basin management in the international water law, and also the weakness of regulations of protecting international water course ecosystem, which restricts the sustainable development of international river basin, the a uthor suggests that the comprehensive management of international river basin ma y satisfy the basic demand of human beings and also regard protecting ecosystem as its core duty, not separating the environmental resources in the river basin. The author also suggests that the international river basin management may pay attention to the protection of basin ecosystem systematically, especially the i nfluences of exterior factors, and the relevant economic and social issues may b e taken into account in the basin management. The author considers that the basi cprinciple of the international river basin ecosystembased management should m ainly include: principle of equitable utilization and no injuring foreign envir onment; principle of sustainable development; holistic principle; preventive pri nciple; principle of sharing basin information; principle of identifying or stip ulating thresholds; and principle of combining regional cooperation management together with the national management. The author also suggests simultaneously that some legal systems may be established as follows: comprehensive decisionm aking administration systems; estimating environmental influences systems; prote cting and distributing water resources in basin systems; ecoindustry and circu latory economic industry in basin systems; compensation to environment systems; recovering and rebuilding basin environment systems.

    • Cytological studies on Porphyra haitanensis Chang et Zheng (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

      2008, 32(1):131-137. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:In the present study, a chromosomal observation on the heteromorphic marine red alga Porphyra haitanensis Chang et Zheng was conducted, mainly to ascertainwhere the meiosis occurs in the life history of the dioecious Porphyra. The living materials of differen t life phases in P. haitanensis were fixed in Carnnoy’s fixative fluid, and stored at the light conditions to leach phycobilin pigments. The samples were then stained with Wittmann’s acetoiron haematoxylinchloral hydrate and examined under a photomicroscope (Olympus BH) with oil immersion lens. Chromosome counts indicated that spermatia, vegetative cells gametophytic blade and conchospore germlings are haploid (n=5); whereas carpospores, conchocelis, conchosporangial cells and conchospores are diploid (2n=10). The cell divisions that occurred in spermatia, carpospores and conchocelis are mitosis. Leptonema, diplonema, diakinesis, metaphase and anaphase of the meiosis and the change in ploidy at the twocelled stage were observed in conchospore germlings. Characteristics of the first division of conchospore and the change in ploidy at the two celled stage indicate that meiosis occurs during the germination division of conchospore in Porphyra haitanensis.

    • Ultrastructure characteristics of Bangia sp. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

      2008, 32(1):138-144. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:Abstract: Bangia sp. was collected from the cultivated population in Putian (Fujian province, China). It had a typical biphasic life history with alternation between a gametophytic phase (thallus) and a sporophytic phase (conchocelis). Both sexual and asexual reproductive modes presented in this Bangia population. The ultrastructural characteristics of the gametophytic vegetative cells, archeospores, carpospores, vegetative conchocelis cells and conchosporangial cells were investigated. The results indicated that the growth and development of the gametophytic phase are related to the reproductive unit formation. There were plenty of Floridean starch granules and 7-42 thylakoids containing phycobilisomes in the vegetative gamtophytic cells. During archeospore formation, floridean starch granules broke down and few thylakoids irregularly arranged were observed. Mitochondria were spherical or elliptical and were situated peripherally in the cell. Carpospores were naked and could make ameboid movements as they were just released. Floridean starch granules were distinct and disintegrated. The numbers of phycobilisome, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, vacuole, fibrillar visicle and core visicle increased in carpospores. Mitochondria were located peripherally or around the nucleolus and most were dumbbell-shaped. There were most 8 thylakoids in carpospores and the peripheral thylakoids were not present. In conclusion, both phases contain stellate chromotophore and pyrenoid, showing the Bangiophycidae characteristics. The gametophytic phase lacks plugged pit-connections and peripheral thylakoids, indicating the Bangiophyccidae characteristics, while the vegetative conchocelis has plugged pit-connections and peripheral thylakoids, showing the Florideophycidae characteristics. The conchosporangial branches have plugged pit-connection and lack peripheral thylakoids and may serve as a link between the two phases.

    • Bottom trawl survey data analysis based on Delta-distribution model and its application in the estimation of small yellow croak and silver pomfret in the Yellow Sea

      2008, 32(1):145-151. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

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      Abstract:There are two groups of methods, namely, the design based methods and the modelbased methods that are commonly used for the analys is of bottom trawl survey data based on swept area method. While the designbas ed methods enjoy wide application, the modelbased methods are seldom used in C hina. The Deltadistribution modelbased method is described and then applied for the estimation of small yellow croaker and silver pomfret in the Yellow Sea based on a survey conducted in autumn, 2000. It shows that the stock density of small yellow croaker was 66.3 kg·km-2and its 95% Confidence Interval (CI ) was (23.4,109.2) kg·km-2;the total biomass of small yellow croaker in the survey area was 14 626.9 t and its 95% CI was(5 168.4,24 085.5) t. Stock density of silver pomfret was 19.0 kg·km-2 and its 95% CI was(3.5,34.5 ) kg·km-2, the total biomass of silver pomfret in the survey area was 4 194.3 t and its 95% CI was(773.2, 7 615.4) t. The traditional designbased me thod, however, resulted in much wider confidence intervals with negative low lim its. The above results indicate that the Deltadistribution modelbased method may provide estimates with higher precision, and deserve a much wider applicati on in data analysis for the stock assessment using bottom trawl surveys.

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    • Advances in studies on the ecomorphology of fish

      2008, 32(1):152-160. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.00001

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      Abstract:The definition, nomenclature, methodology, main aspec ts and research directions of the ecomorphology (or ecological morphology) of fi sh were reviewed on the basis of collected literatures in this paper. Ecomorphol ogy is a comparative discipline; the central goal is the study of the interactio ns between the morphology of organisms and their ecology both in the present and over evolutionary time. These interactions can be studied at multiple levels: a mong individuals within a species, among species and higher taxa, among guilds a nd communities. From an ecological perspective ecomorphological studies have thr ee aims: (1) measurements of the correlation between general morphological varia tion and ecological variation; (2) making ecological inferences from morphologic al pattern; (3) determination of the underlying morphological mechanism that inf luences resource use by an organism and the degree to which ecomorphological rel ationships are influenced by other factors. The main aspects of ecomorphological research include application of a more functional approach to the choice of cha racters, integration of morphological, behavioral, and physiological information to address adaptation, and the expansion of spatial and temporal (ontogenetic a nd evolutionary) scales of ecomorphological questions. In the future, research d irections for ecomorphology include additions to the knowledge base, further int egration of information from other disciplines, examination of the relative cont ribution of genetic versus environmental factors in producing and maintaining ec ological and morphological diversity, and insights from ecomorphological studies used to reveal the composition of ecological communities and predict the impact s on existing communities by biotic or abiotic disturbance, including species in troductions or other anthropogenic manipulations.

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