• Volume 46,Issue 10,2022 Table of Contents
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    • Effects of animal and plant proteins on growth, muscle composition, antioxidant abilities, mRNA expressions of genes related to TOR signaling pathway and appetite regulation in Macrobrachium nipponense

      2022, 46(10):1801-1812. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220613561

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      Abstract:This study aimed to evaluate the effects of animal and plant proteins on growth, muscle composition, antioxidant abilities, and mRNA expressions of genes related to TOR signaling pathway and appetite regulation in juvenile oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated in this experiment. A basal diet containing 58 % fishmeal was used as the control (named as FM), whereas 100 % of fishmeal was replaced with a plant protein blend (soyabean meal, corn gluten meal and rapeseed meal, named as PPB) as the second diet, and lysine, threonine and methionine were added to the PPB diet to balance the amino acid content (named as PPB/Aa) as the third diet. Juvenile oriental river prawn M. nipponense with an average weight of 0.123±0.03 g was randomly divided into three groups, and each diet was fed to prawns twice daily to apparent satiation in six replicates. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The growth, muscle composition, antioxidant abilities, mRNA expressions related to TOR signaling pathway and appetite regulation were evaluated. The results showed that no significant difference in survival rate (SR) among three groups. The specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG) and feeding rate (FR) in prawns fed PPB and PPB/Aa were significantly lower than those fed FM (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in PPB and PPB/Aa groups was significantly higher than FM group (P<0.05). The glycine content in the muscle of prawns fed FM was significantly lower than that of prawns fed PPB (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences of the other amino acids content (including lysine, threonine and methionine) among the three groups (P>0.05). The hepatopancreas content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in FM were significantly lower than those in PPB and PPB/Aa (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences of activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) among the three groups (P>0.05). The serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and ALT in PPB and PPB/Aa group were significantly higher than those of FM group (P<0.05), however, no significant difference of activities of AST was observed among the three groups (P>0.05). The mRNA levels of target of rapamycin (TOR), ribosomal proteins 6kinase (S6K) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were significantly down-regulated in PPB and PPB/Aa groups compared with that in FM group (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed about mRNA expression of leptin among all groups (P>0.05). Taken together, muscle amino acids composition, except for glycine, was not affected by dietary fishmeal and plant protein blend inM. nipponense, but the antioxidant capacity of prawns was significantly decreased by plant protein blend, and the addition of amino acids could not alleviate the growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by plant protein blend, and the reduced mRNA levels of genes related to TOR signaling pathway and appetite regulation caused by plant protein blend. This study could provide a theoretical basis and technical support for improving the utilization rate of plant protein and optimizing the nutritional formula of M. nipponense.

    • Effects of tartrazine consumption on liver and intestine structure, antioxidant indices and intestinal microbiota in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

      2022, 46(10):1902-1911. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220313401

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      Abstract:Tartrazine (TZ), a synthetic food dye, is widely used in food, cosmetics and textiles to improve the sensory properties of final products. In recent years, there are reports on detecting azo dyes in the aquatic environment, so the impact of these compounds on aquatic organisms could not be ignored. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses (0, 1.4, 5.5 and 10 mg/kg) of TZ consumption on health by using a teleost, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) as the experimental fish. The effects of TZ on liver and intestinal tissue structure, antioxidant properties and intestinal microbiota of crucian carp were analyzed. The results showed that the intake of 1.4 mg/kg of TZ led to the vacuolization of intestinal epithelial cells and decreased the height of intestinal villi. The intake of 5.5 mg/kg caused the rupture of intestinal villi, while the pathological phenomenon was more serious in the 10 mg/kg treatment group;It also showed that TZ consumption, even at 1.4 mg/kg resulted in hepatocyte injury, nuclear atrophy, deformation and even dissolution, and with the increase of TZ, the vacuolization of hepatocytes increased. Moreover, with the increase of TZ concentrations, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH-Px) in serum and liver were downregulated, while the contents of MDA elevated. In addition, the intestinal contents sequencing results showed that TZ consumption also affected the community of the intestine microbiota structure of crucian carp. Compared with the control group, the number of effective OTUs, Chao1, Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes increased significantly in the treated groups. The number of some beneficial bacteria (Bacillus and Clostridium) decreased significantly, while the number of some pathogenic microorganisms (such as Bdellovibrio and Shewanella) increased markedly. The above results indicate that the addition of TZ in diet could damage the liver and intestinal tissue structure of crucian carp.

    • Correlation between hepatopancreas lipid metabolism and calcium during exoskeleton mineralization in Eriocheir sinensis

      2022, 46(10):2007-2015. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220613566

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      Abstract:Exoskeleton mineralization is a key point in the molting process. Although it has been known that calcium and nutrients change in shrimp and crabs during the period of exoskeleton mineralization, the characteristics of lipid metabolism and its relationship with calcium remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, the Chinese mitten crab was selected as the research object, and 6 experimental crabs were selected in the Premolt stage (D stage) and Postmolt stage (A-B stage) respectively to compare the changes of calcium and nutrients in the different tissues. The metabolic characteristics of nutrients in hepatopancreas were further analyzed by transcriptome analysis. The results showed that the content of calcium in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph was significantly decreased at the postmolt stage (P < 0.05), while the content of calcium in the appendicular muscle was significantly increased at the postmolt stage ( P < 0.05). The ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the hepatopancreas was significantly decreased at the postmolt stage ( P < 0.001), and it showed an opposite trend in appendicular muscle. Triglyceride content in the hepatopancreas was significantly decreased ( P < 0.001), and hepatopancreas triglyceride was significantly correlated with calcium ( P < 0.001). Transcriptome analysis revealed 113 significant differential genes related to lipid metabolism in the hepatopancreas, including 89 up-regulated genes and 24 down-regulated genes. These differential genes were mainly concentrated in steroid hormone synthesis, triglyceride metabolism, fatty acid catabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism. In conclusion, calcium stored in hepatopancreas are transported to muscle tissue for mineralization of new epidermis during exoskeleton mineralization, and this process is related to hepatopancreas triglyceride. Triglycerides may be broken down to provide the energy or material basis for the exoskeleton mineralization and participate in the synthesis of steroid hormones.

    • Effects of glycerol monolaurate on growth performance, muscle amino acids, non-specific immunity and intestinal flora of Litopenaeus vannamei

      2022, 46(10):1912-1926. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220513475

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      Abstract:A feed trial was conducted in Litopenaeus vannamei to evaluate the effects of glycerol monolaurate (GML) supplement on growth, muscle amino acids, non-specific immunity, disease resistance, and intestinal flora structure. Juvenile L. vannamei [body weight = (0.31±0.02) g] were fed for 56 days with six iso-nitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets containing 0 (control group), 500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000 and 2 500 mg/kg GML, respectively. The results showed that, ① 2 000 mg/kg GML significantly increased the weight gain rate and specific growth rate and significantly reduced the feed coefficient compared to the control group. ② Feeding L. vannamei with GML diet had no significant effect on the body composition of the fish. ③ L. vannamei fed with GML diet had significantly higher content of flavor amino acids and total amino acids. ④ Serum total protein content was significantly higher, LDL cholesterol content and glutathione transaminase activity were significantly lower in all addition groups; triglyceride content was significantly lower in those fed with 500 mg/kg and 1 500 mg/kg GML. ⑤ Superoxide dismutase activity and catalase expression were significantly up-regulated in those fed with 1 500 mg/kg GML, and IMD, Toll expressions, and lysozyme activity were significantly up-regulated in those fed with 2 000 and 2 500 mg/kg GML, and phenol oxidase pro expression was significantly up-regulated in those fed with 2 000 mg/kg GML. ⑥ All addition groups had significantly increased Chao1 and Ace indexes, L. vannamei fed with 1 500 and 2 500 mg/kg GML had significantly decreased Shannon index, and Simpson index was significantly decreased in those fed with 2 500 mg/kg. In summary, the results of the present study emphasized the favorable effects of adequate dietary GML on growth performance and non-specific immunity and intestinal flora. Dietary GML at 2 142.99 mg/kg GML was recommended to maintain optimal growth performance ofL. vannamei.

    • Effects of replacing dietary fish meal with fermented soybean meal, meat and bone meal and their mixture on growth, serum biochemical indices and intestinal histology of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

      2022, 46(10):1813-1823. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20211113151

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      Abstract:This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with two protein sources individually or in combination on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices and intestinal histology of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fermented soybean meal (FSM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and FSM + MBM mixture (1∶1) were used to replace 150 g/kg fish meal in the control diet containing 350 g/kg fish meal, and form four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets. Then, the four diets were fed toM. salmoides with initial body weight of (21.2 ± 0.1) g for 8 weeks. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the weight gain (WG) in the three fish meal-replaced groups were not significantly different, but the WG in FSM group was lower than those in FSM+MBM group. Moreover, the feed conversion ratio of FSM group was significantly higher than that of the control and MBM groups. There were no significant differences in the whole body composition (moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and crude ash contents), dry matter digestibility, protein digestibility and protein retention among all the groups, but the protein efficiency ratio and lipid retention were decreased when substituting dietary FSM for fish meal. In terms of serum biochemical indicators, FSM group displayed higher aspartate aminotransferase activity as well as lower total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity than those of the control group. In foregut morphology, the intestinal villus width was reduced in all the fish meal-replaced groups, but the villus height, muscle thickness and villus circumferences in FSM group were increased compared to the control group. Overall, in a diet containing 350 g/kg fish meal, MBM and FSM+MBM mixture could replace 150 g/kg fish meal without negative effects on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and intestinal health, and FSM+MBM mixture showed better effects than FSM as substitutes for fish meal in the feed of M. salmoide.

    • Effects of enzymatic chicken pulp on liver antioxidant capacity, intestinal physical barrier and microflora of Micropterus salmoides

      2022, 46(10):1824-1835. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220113273

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      Abstract:In order to evaluate the effects of enzymatic chicken mashes on healthy culture of Micropterus salmoides, fish meal in basal diet was replaced with 3.5% fish meal by stickwater from fish processing (SW) and enzymatic chicken pulp (EC) by the equal amounts, respectively, and three isolipid (EE 11.3%) diets were prepared. M. salmoides with an initial body weight of (9.25±0.13) g were fed in a circulation system for 8 weeks. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feeding rate (FR) of M. salmoides among all treatment groups. The activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8) in liver in EC group were significantly better than those in control group (basal diet) and SW group. Compared with other treatments, after adding EC, the relative expressions of occludin, zo-1 and claudin-1 in intestinal tract were significantly up-regulated, while the activities of diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid (D-Lac) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contents in serum were significantly decreased. At the same time, it was also observed that EC affected the intestinal microflora abundance (OTUs and Chao1) of M. salmoides, increased the (Bacillus) at the genus level, and reduced the abundance of potentially probiotic bacteria of some potentially harmful bacteria (Escherichia-shigella,Acinetobacter, Vibrio and Mycoplasma). Further phenotypic prediction showed that the addition of EC significantly reduced the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria and increased the proportion of Gram-positive bacteria. All in all, the addition of EC in the diet does not affect the growth of M. salmoides, but enhances the antioxidant capacity of liver and intestinal physical barrier and improves intestinal microflora. EC can be used as high-quality protein source for M. salmoides.

    • Effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio on growth, physiology and biochemistry, gut microbiota and disease resistance of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

      2022, 46(10):1927-1939. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220413428

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      Abstract:The experiment was conducted to study the effects of different carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio diets on growth, physiological and biochemical indices, gut microbiota composition and disease resistance of juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish with an average body weight of 27g were selected as the research object. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with different carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios were used respectively: 44.2/4(D1), 39.6/6(D2), 35/8(D3), 30.4/10(D4), 25.8/12(D5) and fed for 10 weeks. Nutritional and biochemical analysis methods combined with high-throughput sequencing technology were used to determine the indices. The results showed that the changed C/L ratio had significant effect on the growth of GIFT tilapia in the early feeding stage of 2 weeks, both the growth effects of low- C/L and high- C/L ratio groups were not good. While in 4-10 weeks, there was no significant difference among all groups (P > 0.05). At 10 weeks, low C/L ratio-D4 was significantly higher than high C/L ratio-D1 in viscera/body ratio ( P < 0.05), while whose serum urea and disease resistance were lower than D1 ( P < 0.05). Moreover, mesenteric index of D4 was higher than high C/L ratios D1 and D2 ( P < 0.05), while whose whole-body crude protein was significantly lower than D1 and D2 ( P < 0.05). On the other hand, the hepatosomatic of D1 was higher than that of low C/L ratio-D5 ( P < 0.05), and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose tolerance of D1 were higher than those of other groups ( P < 0.05). The species composition and heat map showed that D4 was separated from the other groups. In terms of phylum heatmap, Chlamydia, Chloroflexi and Actinomycetes of D4 were higher than other groups (especially D2 and D1), while its firmicutes were lower than other groups (especially D2). Further at genus level, Phreatobacter of D4 was significantly higher than that of other groups, while Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in D4 was significantly lower than that of other groups (except D3). In conclusion, GIFT tilapia has strong adaptability and utilization ability to different C/L ratio diets. Under the experimental conditions, although 39.6/6(D2) diet group had no significant difference with other groups in growth, its whole-body crude protein content was the highest among groups, and the composition of gut microbiota was also superior to other groups, which was an appropriate C/L ratio for GIFT tilapia.

    • Effects of dietary L-arginine or N-carbamoylglutamate on intestinal mucosal morphology and intestinal flora of hybrid snakehead [Channa maculata (♀)×C. argus (♂)]

      2022, 46(10):1836-1847. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220313416

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      Abstract:This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary arginine or NCG on intestinal mucosal morphology and intestinal flora of hybrid snakehead [Channa maculata (♀)×C. argus (♂)]. A total of 450 C. maculata (♀)×C. argus (♂) with an initial weight of (22.02±0.02) g were selected. They were randomly divided into three groups of three replicates, each with 50 fish, and fed three experimental diets: basal diet, diet supplemented with 0.60% L-arginine (Arg) and diet supplemented with 0.03% N-carbamylglutamate (NCG). The feeding period was 56 days. Compared with the control group, adding 0.60% Arg to the diet significantly increased the final weight and specific growth rate of C. maculata (♀)×C. argus (♂) (P<0.05), adding 0.60% Arg or 0.03% NCG significantly increased the protein deposition rate ofC. maculata (♀)×C. argus (♂) (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the feed coefficient (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the contents of isoleucine, glutamate and lysine in whole fish in NCG group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the contents of arginine and leucine in whole fish ofC. maculata (♀)×C. argus (♂) in Arg and NCG groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in other amino acids (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the addition of Arg or NCG to the diet could significantly increase the thickness of the midgut and hindgut muscle layer and the width of the midgut villus in theC. maculata (♀)×C. argus (♂). The thickness of the hindgut muscle layer in the NCG group was significantly greater than that in the control group and the Arg group (P<0.05). In each experimental group, the structure of intestinal mucosa and muscularis was clear and compact, and the mucosal villi were abundant. In the control group and Arg group, a small amount of gap between the epithelium and lamina propria was widened, but there was no obvious abnormality in the NCG group. The addition of arginine to the diet could significantly improve the species richness of the intestinal flora ofC. maculata (♀)×C. argus (♂), and the Chao index and Ace index were significantly higher than those of the control group and the NCG group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria was significantly increased in the NCG group, but the abundance of Fusobacterium was significantly decreased in the NCG group, differing significantly from the Arg group (P<0.05). Research shows that the addition of Arg to the feed is better than the addition of NCG in terms of growth performance, but adding NCG to the diet can significantly increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as intestinal Firmicutes and maintain the stability of the intestinal environment, with effects superior to those of Arg supplementation.

    • Effects of dietary raffinose on growth performance, physiological indices and glycometabolism of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

      2022, 46(10):1940-1949. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220613560

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      Abstract:Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is one of most valuable cultured marine species in northeast and southeast China. With the rapid development of A. japonicus breeding industry, high efficiency and environmental protection formula diet has become one of bottleneck problems which hinder the development of the industry. Raffinose is a functional oligosaccharide, which is utilized by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestines, and plays an important role in the digestive physiology and antioxidant properties of the body. This study investigated the effects of dietary raffinose on growth performances, physiological indices and genes related to glycometabolism of juvenile A. japonicus. Six isonitrogen and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of raffinose, namely 0.00% (D1), 0.02% (D2), 0.03% (D3), 0.06% (D4), 0.08% (D5) and 0.11% (D6) dry diets. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate tanks of juvenile A. japonicus with initial body weight (11.46±0.06) g for 67 days. There were no differences in survival rate between all groups. Both weight gain rate (WG) and the specific growth rate were increased first and then decreased afterwards with the increase of dietary raffinose. All of the activities of intestinal protease, lipase, amylase and superoxide dismutase were increased first and then decreased, and were significantly higher in D3 and D4 groups than other groups. The content of malondialdehyde was first decreased and then increased, and reached the lowest value in D4 group. The heights of intestinal folds in D3-D5 groups were significantly higher than those in the D1 group, and meanwhile, inflammatory cell infiltration appeared in D5 and D6 groups. With the increase of dietary raffinose content, all of the activities of glucokinase, fructosophosphate phosphokinase and pyruvate kinase were increased first and then decreased. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were increased first and then kept stable, and D4-D6 had significantly higher figures than D1 group. The expression levels of glucokinase (GCK), fructosophosphate phosphokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) genes increased first and then decreased, and were significantly higher in D2-D6 groups than D1 group. Both GCK and PK genes expression reached the maximum in D4 group, and PFK gene expression levels in D4 and D5 groups were significantly higher than those in other groups. With WG as an evaluation indicator, quadratic regression analysis showed that the optimum dietary raffinose for juvenile A. japonicus was 0.063% diet. Dietary raffinose increased the glucose metabolism efficiency, improved the digestive physiology and antioxidant capacity of the body, and promoted the growth of juvenile A. japonicus.

    • Effects of hydroxyl methionine selenium supplementation in low-fishmeal diet on growth, antioxidant ability and nitrite tolerance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

      2022, 46(10):1848-1859. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20210813040

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      Abstract:Selenium is one of the important trace elements in aquatic animals, which plays an important role in animal growth and antioxidant ability. Compared with inorganic Se, organic Se is better absorbed and has higher bioavailability and tissue accumulation in many aquatic animals. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of hydroxyl methionine selenium (HMSe) supplementation in low-fishmeal diet on growth performance, antioxidant ability and nitrite tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei. In this experiment, L. vannamei with an initial body weight of 0.90±0.05 g was fed with low-fishmeal diets (15% fishmeal) supplemented with 0.000, 0.375, 0.750, 1.500 and 2.250 mg/kg HMSe respectively, named HMSe0, HMSe1, HMSe2, HMSe3 and HMSe4. Each group had 3 replicates with 50 shrimp in each tank (500 L). The shrimp was fed to visual satiation three times daily at 08:00, 14:00 and 19:00 h for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, 12 h nitrite stress test was conducted. The results showed as follows: The finial body weight (FBW, 15.03-16.11 g), weight gain (WG, 1570.1-1689.8%) and feed efficiency (FE, 1.10-1.33) of L. vannamei increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of dietary HMSe level in the diet, and reached the maximum value in the HMSe2 group. With the increase of the dietary HMSe level, the feeding intake (FI) decreased firstly and then increased. There was no significant difference in protein efficiency ratio (PER) and survival rate (SR) in all groups. With the increase of dietary HMSe level, the contents of selenium in whole body and muscle both increased significantly, while the contents of crude protein and crude fat in L. vannamei increased firstly and then decreased, and reached the maximum in the HMSe2 group and HMSe1 group, respectively. The contents of moisture and ash showed no significant effects in all groups. The activities of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and hepatopancreas catalase (CAT) in the HMSe4 group were significantly higher than those in the HMSe0 group. With the increase of the dietary HMSe level, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in hepatopancreas were increased firstly and then decreased. Nitrite stress for 12 h significantly decreased the survival rate of L. vannamei. The survival rate in the HMSe2 group was significantly higher than that in the HMSe0 group. After nitrite stress, the content of MDA in hepatopancreas increased, but the activities of GST, CAT and T-SOD in hepatopancreas decreased. Meanwhile, these negative effects could be relieved with appropriate HMSe supplementation. The optimal supplementation of HMSe for L. vannamei was 1.35 mg/kg based on survival rate under nitrite stress using the guadratic polynomial regression analysis. In conclusion, supplementing 0.75-1.35 mg/kg HMSe in low-fishmeal diet could improve the growth performance, feed utilization, antioxidant ability and nitrite tolerance of L. vannamei.

    • Effects of dietary phosphorus levels on phosphorus and fatty acid transport and triglyceride deposition in the intestine of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

      2022, 46(10):1950-1956. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220713581

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      Abstract:Phosphorus is an important mineral element in animals, and it is an essential component of bone, phospholipids, nucleoproteins and nucleic acids. However, there are few studies on effects of dietary phosphorus on phosphorus content, fatty acid transport and lipid deposition in the intestines. The present study was conducted to explore the effect of dietary phosphorus levels on phosphorus and fatty acid transport, and lipid metabolism in the intestines of GIFT tilapia. Three diets were formulated with phosphorus at the levels of 1.21% (LPD), 1.75% (MPD), 2.66% (HPD). The diets were fed to juvenile GIFT tilapia for 10 weeks. Compared with the LPD group, HPD group significantly increased gene (95.7%) and protein expression (200.1%) of the SLC34A2 and total phosphorus content (79.2%) of the intestine. Compared with the LPD group, the HPD group up-regulated the expression of the fatty acid absorption-related genes cd36, fabp1, fabp2, and fatp1 and the TG synthesis-related genes dgat1(by 11.2% to 54.0%) , down-regulated the expression of the fatty acid transport-related genes apob-100 (37.7%), and increased the content of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) (241.1%) in the intestine. HPD also increased TG content (42.9%). In conclusion, our study showed that high dietary phosphorus increased intestinal TG content by inhibiting the fatty acid export and up-regulating the fatty acid absorption. Our study may provide a basis for the further elucidation into the mechanism of dietary phosphorus influencing phosphorus and lipid metabolism in fish.

    • Effect of dietary phosphorus on physicochemical properties, composition of free amino acid, flavor nucleotide and free fatty acid in muscle of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

      2022, 46(10):1957-1968. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220313409

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      Abstract:To assess the effect of dietary phosphorus on physicochemical properties, composition of free amino acid (AA), flavor nucleotide and free fatty acid in muscle of grass carp, a 60 d growth trial by feeding graded levels of available phosphorus (0.95-8.75 g/kg diet) was conducted. Results demonstrated that optimal available phosphorus levels increased the protein and hydroxyproline contents and pH value, while decreased the contents of lipid and lactate, cooking loss, shear force, and cathepsin activity to improve fish muscle physicochemical characteristics. In addition, optimal available phosphorus levels increased the contents of total essential amino acids (EAAs), umami taste AAs, sweet taste AAs and inosine monophosphate (IMP) contents enhancing fish muscle flavor. In addition, when the available phosphorus level in the feed was increased to 3.96 and 5.68 g/kg, the taste activity value (TAV) of IMP and total taste amino acids (UAAs+SAAs) reached the maximum values in fish muscle, respectively. And optimal available phosphorus levels increased muscle total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contents and the fatty acid ratio of PUFAs/saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and n-3/n-6. In conclusion, appropriate available phosphorus supplementation improved flesh quality, which might be in part attributed to the enhancement of tenderness, water holding capacity and pH, and increase of flavor amino acid, nucleotide and PUFAs contents in muscle of fish.

    • Comparative study on the utilization efficiency of grass carp to five non-grain protein sources at different feeding frequencies

      2022, 46(10):1860-1871. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220413473

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      Abstract:Soybean meal, as a high-quality plant protein source, is widely used in grass carp feed. This study was to estimate the utilization efficiency of grass carp to five non-grain protein sources at different feeding frequencies. A two-factor orthogonal experiment (3×5) was conducted to evaluate the utilization efficiency of soybean meal, Clostridium autoethanogenum protein,Tenebrio molito, chlorella meal and cottonseed protein concentrate for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at three feeding frequencies (2, 3 and 4 times/d). Five diets were prepared with five raw materials as a single protein source. Grass carp with an initial body weight of 80 g were fed with the five test diets at three feeding frequencies for 8 weeks in a pond cage (2.0 m×1.5 m×1.0 m), respectively. At the end of culture trial, the growth performance, whole fish body and muscle nutrient composition, and serum biochemical indexes of grass carp were investigated. The results showed that grass carp in Tenebrio molito group (2 times/day) had the lowest growth performance, and the fish in soybean meal (4 times/day) and Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (3 times/day and 4 times/day) groups showed the highest growth performance among all the 15 treatments. Meanwhile, there was significant interaction between protein source and feeding frequency on final weight, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and weight gain rate of grass carp (P < 0.05). The protein efficiency of different protein sources (except chlorella meal) for grass carp increased with the increase of feeding frequency. Regardless of feeding frequency, the weight gain rate and protein efficiency rate in chlorella meal and cottonseed concentrate protein groups were significantly lower than those in soybean meal, Clostridium autoethanogenum protein and chlorella meal groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio showed an opposite trend (P < 0.05). The feeding frequencies and protein sources had no significant effects on body indexes (hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and condition factor) and basic nutrients of whole fish and muscle of grass carp ( P > 0.05). Feeding frequency had significant effects on alkaline phosphatase and glucose in serum of grass carp ( P < 0.05). The alkaline phosphatase activity of groups with 2 times/d was significantly higher than that of groups with 3 times/d and 4 times/d ( P < 0.05). The glucose content of fish fed 4 times/d was significantly higher than that of fed 2 times/d and 3 times/d ( P < 0.05). The activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum of grass carps in Tenebrio molito group were significantly higher than those in soybean meal group and chlorella meal group (P < 0.05). Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal feeding frequency of grass carp was 3 times/d or 4 times/d. The order of utilization ability of five protein sources for grass carp was Clostridium autoethanogenum protein = soybean meal = chlorella meal> cottonseed protein concentrate >Tenebrio molitor based on the growth performance.

    • >ROUNDUPS
    • Research progress in nutrition and immunity of aquatic animals

      2022, 46(10):1761-1775. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220613568

      Abstract (651) HTML (129) PDF 1.70 M (605) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:With the increasing importance of contribution of nutrition and feed science and technology to aquaculture, feed composition affects not only the nutritional status of aquatic animals, but also their immunity and disease resistance, and the former is one of the most important factors in determining the ability of aquaculture animals to resist disease. This paper reviews the major research progress in aquatic animal nutrition and immunity in the last five years, such as multiple essential nutrients (proteins/amino acids, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), additives (enzyme preparations, essential oils, immune polysaccharides), fermented feeds, and their effects on immunity and disease resistance. In our opinion, the application of omics and bioinformatics to aquatic animals will facilitate the exploration of the relationships among the nutritional composition of aquaculture feeds, the fish gut flora and the derived metabolites, and provide important technical support for the study of the complicated relationships between nutrition and immunity in fish.

    • >PAPERS
    • Effects of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal replacement of fish meal on growth performance, serum biochemical indices and intestinal health of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×E. lanceolatus ♂)

      2022, 46(10):1969-1979. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220313407

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      Abstract:Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal (MBM), which has the advantages of high protein content and balanced amino acid composition, is a kind of the single-cell protein produced by M. capsulatus, which using methane as the sole carbon and energy source. In order to investigate the effects of substituting MBM replacement for fish meal on growth performance and intestinal health of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×E. lanceolatus ♂), five groups of isonitrogenous and isolipid diets were prepared by adding 2%, 4%, 8% and 12% MBM to replace 5% (MBM5 ), 10% (MBM10 ), 20% (MBM20 ) and 30% (MBM30) fish meal based on control diet, respectively, and hybrid grouper [initial weight (28.85±0.04) g] was fed for 8 weeks. The results showed that the survival rate of grouper in each group was 100%. There were no significant differences in weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed intake rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio among replacement groups compared with control group (P>0.05). In whole fish composition, the moisture in all replacement groups and the ether extract in MBM20 and MBM30 were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05), but the crude protein of whole fish and the moisture, ether extract, crude protein, total essential amino acids and flavor amino acids of muscle showed no significant difference in all groups (P>0.05). Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in replacement groups were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in serum albumin and high density lipoprotein among all groups (P>0.05). Intestinal total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity in replacement groups were higher than those in control group, while malondialdehyde content was lower than that in control group, but there were no significant differences (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the thickness of intestinal muscle layer among all groups (P>0.05), and no significant difference in the height and width of intestinal villi in MBM10, MBM20 and MBM30 replacement groups compared with control group (P>0.05). The height of intestinal villi in MBM10, MBM20 and MBM30 groups and control group were significantly higher than that in MBM5 group (P<0.05). The width of intestinal villi in MBM30 group was significantly higher than that in MBM5 group (P<0.05). The vacuolated area of liver increased with the increasing replacement of MBM without significant difference (P>0.05). In conclusion, when the fish meal content in the basal diet is 40%, MBM can replace at least 30% of fish meal without negatively affecting the survival, growth performance and feed utilization rate of hydrid grouper, and can promote the reduction of blood lipid level, promote the accumulation while reducing the catabolism of lipids in liver and improves of intestinal antioxidant capacity of grouper. This study confirmed the feasibility of using methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal in the diet of E. fuscoguttatus ♀×E. lanceolatus ♂, which has a facilitating effect on saving the use of fish meal in the diet of the groupers and reducing the cost of breeding.

    • Effects of defatted Schizochytrium sp. in diet on the growth, lipid metabolism and health of Onychostoma macrolepis

      2022, 46(10):1872-1891. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220613570

      Abstract (191) HTML (118) PDF 2.55 M (498) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of defatted Schizochytrium sp. as a feed ingredient on the growth performance, lipid metabolism and health status of the indigenous fish, Onychostoma macrolepis. 0 g/kg (DS0), 30 g/kg (DS3), 60 g/kg (DS6), 90 g/kg (DS9) and 120 g/kg (DS12) of defatted Schizochytrium sp. were added to the five isonitrogenous and isolipid feeds, respectively. 180 Onychostoma macrolepis (9.00 g±0.25 g/ind., 12/tank) were fed and cultured in an indoor circulating water system for 56 days. The results showed that: 1) There were no significant differences in weight gain rate (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the groups (P>0.05); 2) The condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat body index (IFI), and triglyceride (TG) content of liver and intraperitoneal fat in DS9 and DS12 groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); 3) The DHA content, ∑n-3 LC PUFA (n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid) content, n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio, cholesterolemia index (h/ H) and lipid quality index (FLQ) were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the atherosclerosis index (AI) and thrombosis index (TI) were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); 4) The mRNA expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) in the liver of all treatment groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); The mRNA expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) and triglyceride hydrolase (ATGL) were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05); 5) The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum of all treatment groups was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Studies have shown that adding 90 g/kg of defattedSchizochytrium sp. to the diet may significantly reduce the accumulation of abdominal fat and liver fat in Onychostoma macrolepis by affecting the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, and improve its muscle nutritional value and enhance the body's antioxidant capacity.

    • >ROUNDUPS
    • Research advances in nutritional physiology and high-efficiency and environment-friendly feed of Litopenaeus vannamei

      2022, 46(10):1776-1800. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220613564

      Abstract (464) HTML (112) PDF 1.90 M (637) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is rich in protein, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids, and is a high-quality protein source with balanced nutrition and high economic value. L. vannamei has become the most important marine shrimp culture species in China, with an annual output of 1 197 700 tons, accounting for more than 85% of the country’s total output of cultured marine shrimp. Although the research on the nutritional physiology of L. vannamei is gradually deepened, the feed formula is gradually improved, and the processing technology is gradually maturing, there are still many problems to be solved. In view of the key problems in the development of the shrimp industry, including the shortage of feed materials, the increasing pressure on the culturing environment and the degradation of germplasm resources, it is particularly important to build a database of precise nutritional requirements of L. vannamei in different growth stages and breeding conditions. It is helpful to enhance the ability of stress resistance and health of the cultured shrimp, improve the feed utilization and reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emissions, and ultimately achieve sustainable development of the environment-friendly and profitable L. vannamei culturing industry. Up to now, there have been a lot of reports on the shrimp’s nutritional requirements and feed, yet studies on its precise nutritional requirements at different growth stages and the relationship between nutrients and functional feed additives are still not thorough enough. This paper summarizes the requirements ofL. vannamei for protein, lipid, carbohydrates and micronutrients, dietary replacement of fish meal with other protein resources and fish oil with other lipid resources, as well as the application of functional feed additives. Therefore, future studies should focus on ① research and development of new non-food protein sources to replace fishmeal and soybean meal, ② research and development of original functional feed additives, ③ construction of accurate nutrition database for different growth stages, and ④ research on nutrition metabolism mechanism. We hope this review can provide scientific reference for the study of accurate nutrition and development of high-efficiency and environment-friendly formula feed, so as to promote the healthy and sustainable development of L. vannamei aquaculture industry.

    • >PAPERS
    • Effects of inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum and its metabolites on growth performance and intestinal health of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

      2022, 46(10):1980-1991. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220413453

      Abstract (146) HTML (118) PDF 7.16 M (485) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Lactobacillus plantarum is defined as beneficial bacteria for produceing lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids, antimicrobial peptides, and other active substances through fermentation, and has probiotic effects such as alleviating oxidative damage to cells, regulating immunity, and promoting growth. However, due to the prolonged high-temperature environment during the processing of aquatic feed, the use of viable bacteria is limited in the field. To investigate the optimal supplementation level of dietary inactivated L. plantarum and its metabolites (LPM) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), fish with initial mean weight of (80.47±1.04) g were fed four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets which were formulated to contain graded LPM levels (0, 300, 600, 900 mg/kg LPM, respectively) for 6 weeks. The results showed that weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the WGR and feed efficiency reached the maximum value when LPM supplemental level was at 300 mg/kg, increasing by 19.09% and 8.57% compared with the control group (P < 0.05), respectively. Condition factor in LPM supplemental groups was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the viscerosomatic index was significantly reduced by 18.84% in LPM-900 group compared with that of the control group ( P < 0.05). The crude protein content in the whole body, protein efficiency rate, and protein deposition rate reached the maximum in LPM-300 group, which were significantly higher compared with those in the control group by 4.40%, 11.97%, and 7.64% , respectively( P < 0.05). The activities of protease in the liver and intestine of LPM supplemental groups were significantly increased compared with those of the control group ( P < 0.05). When LPM supplemental level was 600 mg/kg, the number, length, and width of intestinal villi of C. idella were significantly higher, and the thickness of the intestinal wall muscle layer was significantly lower than those of the control group (P< 0.05). Dietary LPM had no significant effect on the diversity of intestinal flora ofC. idella (P<0.05). When LPM supplemental level was 300 mg/kg, the abundance ofCyanobacteria, Lactobacillus andClostridium increased significantly (P<0.05). LPM inhibited the proliferation ofAeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Nocardia. Dietary LPM had no significant effects on activities of glutamic-pyruvate transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, and the contents of triglyceride and glucose in serum (P>0.05). The contents of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum increased with the increase of LPM supplementation level. The contents of total protein, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase activity in serum in the LPM supplemented group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding LPM at 300-600 mg/kg to the diet improved the growth performance ofC. idella via inhibition of the breeding of harmful bacteria, improving intestinal function, and maintaining the normal function of the liver.

    • Effects of plant extract compound on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver and intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

      2022, 46(10):1892-1901. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220413432

      Abstract (129) HTML (109) PDF 5.41 M (591) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Largemouth bass has poor glucose metabolism. How to cope with liver sugar stress and inflammatory response of largemouth bass at high glucose level by nutritional means has become a research hotspot in recent years. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary plant extracts compound, including mulberry leaf flavonoids, chestnut leaf tannin and mulberry leaf polysaccharide, on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver and intestinal health of largemouth bass. Three treatment groups with 4 replicates in each group were fed isonitrogenous and isolipid diets (J0, J1 and J2) supplemented with 0, 0.1% and 0.2% compound plant extract, respectively. The largemouth bass was fed for 56 days. The results showed as follows: compared with group J0, the final average weight, weight gain rate and specific growth rate of largemouth bass in group J2 were significantly increased by 8.34%, 11.24% and 5.88%, respectively (P<0.05); There were no significant differences in body ether extract, water content, ash content, calcium and total phosphorus in J0~J2 groups (P>0.05), The crude protein content in group J2 increased by 5.61% compared with group J0 (P<0.05); The hepatosomatic ratio of J1 and J2 group was significantly decreased by 9.10%-10.28%, the serum albumin content and albumin/globulin value were significantly increased by 8.28%-12.62% and 13.56%-23.73%, and the serum globulin content of J2 group was significantly decreased by 9.47%. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activities and blood glucose content in J1and J2 groups were significantly decreased by 31.25%-46.88%, 7.69%-12.54% and 20.90%-22.40%, respectively(P<0.05). The contents of cholesterol and triglyceride in the J1 and J2 groups were decreased, while the contents of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were increased(P>0.05). The degree of hepatic lipid vacuolation was significantly decreased by 22.89%-36.22% in the J1and J2 groups, and the height of the intestinal villus was significantly decreased by 10.84%(P<0.05). In conclusion, the plant extract compound can significantly improve the growth performance and liver health of largemouth bass. The results provided a theoretical basis for evaluating the effects of plant extract compound in the diet of largemouth bass and provided a reference for the optimization of the diet formula of largemouth bass.

    • Effects of feeding different diets on survival, nutritional composition, digestion and immunity of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) during overwintering

      2022, 46(10):1992-2006. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20220113269

      Abstract (107) HTML (110) PDF 1.72 M (479) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:To study the effects of feeding different diets during overwintering on the survival, nutritional composition, digestion and immunity of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), this experiment compared no feeding (NF group), feeding compound feed (CF group) and feeding chilled trash fish (CTF group) during overwintering on the survival rate, nutritional composition and the activities of digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and immune enzymes of juvenile E. sinensis. The results showed that: ① After overwintering, the weight gain rate and hepatopancreas index of the CF group and CTF group were significantly higher than those of the NF group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the survival rate among the three groups. ② After overwintering, the contents of fat and carbohydrates in the body and hepatopancreas of CF group and CTF group were significantly higher than those in NF group (P<0.05), and the carbohydrate content in the body and hepatopancreas of CF group was significantly higher than that in CTF group (P<0.05), while the water content of the hepatopancreas of the crab in the NF group was significantly higher than that in the CF and CTF groups (P<0.05). Regardless of feeding or not, the body protein content decreased significantly after overwintering, while the protein in the hepatopancreas increased significantly (P<0.05). ③ In regard to fatty acid composition, the contents of C18:2n6 (LA) in the body and hepatopancreas of the CF group were significantly higher than those in the NF group and CTF group, while the contents of C20:5n3 (EPA) and C22:6n3 (DHA) in the CTF group were significantly higher than those in NF group and CF group (P<0.05). ④ After overwintering, the activities of pepsin (pepsin) and α-amylase (α-AMS) in the CF group were significantly higher than those in the NF group and CTF group (P<0.05). ⑤ In terms of oxidative capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hepatopancreas and hemolymph in NF group was significantly higher than that in CF group and CTF group (P<0.05), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity in CF group was significantly higher than that in NF group and CTF group (P<0.05), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas of female crab in CTF group was significantly higher than that in NF group and CF group (P<0.05). ⑥ As for the immunity of crabs, the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in CF group were significantly higher than those in NF group (P<0.05). To sum up, E. sinensis should be fed with appropriate amount of diet during overwintering. The survival rate, hepatopancreas index, weight gain rate and nutrient accumulation of E. sinensis in the CF group were better than those in the CTF group. In addition, feeding compound feed is beneficial to the digestion of the E. sinensis, and enhances the anti-oxidation and immunity of E. sinensis. This study provides scientific reference and theoretical basis for rational use of overwintering diet for E. sinensis.

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