• Volume 44,Issue 8,2020 Table of Contents
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    • Growth and contents of C, N, and P of kelp (Saccharina japonica) cultured in Nanri Island, China and its effects on particulate and dissolved organic matter of seawater

      2020, 44(8):1306-1316. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190811917

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      Abstract:In order to study the ecological and environmental effects of kelp aquaculture, this study investigated the growth rate, the tissue elemental contents (C, N, and P) and ratios of cultured commercial kelp (Saccharina japonica), in Nanri Island, Fujian Province, and the seasonal variations of the particulate and dissolved organic matter in the cultured area. The result showed that the wet weight of kelp varied as a power function of the length (W=0.02 L7.57, R2=0.84). Besides, the wet weight (W=5.45 t-30.50, R2=0.96), the length (L=1.72 t+41.18, R2=0.97), and the width (W=0.30 t+5.28, R2=0.93) were linearly increased with the culture days. The tissue C/N ratio varied from 9.13 to 18.66, N/P ratio ranged from 11.32 to 18.48, and C/P ratio varied from 153.18 to 267.99. The tissue C/N ratio varied as an exponential function of N content (Y=748.30 e-4.10X, R2=0.88), and the C/P ratio varied as an exponential function of tissue P content (Y=50.21 e-0.60X, R2=0.92). The seawater POC, PON, and POP in the culture zone varied from 0.33 to 0.86 mg/L, from 0.07 to 0.11mg/L, and from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/L, respectively. The DOC, DON, and DOP in seawater of culture zone varied from 1.98 to 17.06 mg/L, from 0.20 to 0.55 mg/L, and from 0.01 to 0.04 mg/L, respectively. The average C, N, and P contents at harvest period were 26.17%, 1.76%, and 0.29%, respectively. The total production of cultured kelp in Fujian Province was about 768 300 tons, which indicates that the removable C, N, and P contents were about 201 300, 13 500, and 2 200 t, respectively. Our result demonstrated that the kelp aquaculture is an important source of seawater organic matter in the culture area, and is one of the important components of coastal carbon cycle.

    • Variation of community structure of Cephalopods in spring and autumn along the coast of Zhejiang Province

      2020, 44(8):1317-1328. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190211664

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      Abstract:Coast of Zhejiang Province is one of the important fishery production areas in China. As an important part of the marine ecosystem, Cephalopods also play a very important role in the coastal fisheries of Zhejiang Province. Based on the trawl survey data along the coast of East China Sea in spring and autumn during 2014-2016, all the Cephalopods species were selected, and we analyzed the species and dominant species composition using statistical methods, studied the spatial-temporal distribution of the dominant species, and also investigated the dynamics of community structure using the ecological methods. The results showed that a total of 22 species were captured and identified in the three-year survey, which belonged to 3 orders, 7 families and 10 genera, dominant species were Abralia multihamata, Loliolus beka, Uroteuthis duvauceli, Uroteuthis edulis, Sepiola birostrata and Octopus minor. Spatial and temporal variations of cephalopod community were presented. Octopus minor dominated in the north station in spring, and its biomass density was higher at the south station, and Uroteuthis edulis, Abralia multihamata and Loliolus beka were the dominant species in autumn, and the biomass density in 2016 is much lower than two years before. Cluster analysis separated two groups based on different years, months and stations, and significant difference existed among community structures. Octopus minor made the largest contribution to the communities, and also made a decisive effect on the spatial community structure, migration may be the main factor for the seasonal dynamic of community structures.

    • Morphological and genetic characteristics of hybrid F1 derived from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (♀)×bluegill (Lepomis mearchirus) (♂)

      2020, 44(8):1225-1236. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20191012032

      Abstract (1433) HTML (0) PDF 2.85 M (919) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:In the present study, in order to explore the possibility of distant hybridization of Micropterus salmoides, artificial insemination was used and hybrid F1 was successfully obtained from distant hybridization between female largemouth bass and male Lepomis mearchirus. The hybrid F1 embryos underwent apparently normal morphological development. The hatching time of hybrid F1 was about 49 h when the water temperature was (22.5±0.5) ℃. The fertilization rate was 65% and the hatching rate was 21%. In hybrid F1, the average weight gain was 1.55 g/d, and the fodder utilization rate was 1.24 after a ten-week in-door cultivation. The hybrid F1 showed a similar growth rate with maternal parent M. salmoides but statistically significantly higher than paternal L. mearchirus. The morphological characteristics of hybrid F1 showed obvious hybridization properties. The number traits (numbers of lateral line scales, dorsal fins, pectoral fins and anal fins) and metric traits (measurable traits and frame metric traits) in hybrid F1 showed an intermediate level between the two parents. A number of metric traits biased towards paternal L. mearchirus more than maternal M. salmoides was observed in hybrid F1. In addition, several morphology traits of hybrid F1 exceeded both of the two parents. 5S rDNA gene amplification and analysis showed that the two parents possess two different types of 5S rDNA, respectively, while the hybrid F1 inherits four types of 5S rDNA from parents. The four types of 5S rDNA coding region sequences (CDS, 120 bp) are highly conserved. Two types of 5S rDNA transcribed spacer (NTS) from hybrid F1 and maternal parent M. salmoides had a base "GTC" variable region (sequence length ranged from 186 to 205 bp), while two types of 5S rDNA NTS from hybrid F1 and paternal parent L. mearchirus are highly conserved (sequence length was 86 and 263 bp, respectively). These 5S rDNA types confirmed that the hybrid F1 fused genomes of the two parents. Our study provides a new perspective in exploring distant hybridization of M. salmoides.

    • Stocking effectiveness of hatchery-raised swimming crabs (Portunus trituberculatus) released into Liaodong Bay

      2020, 44(8):1329-1339. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190811903

      Abstract (1207) HTML (0) PDF 2.52 M (903) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:We conducted a quantitative analysis to assess the stocking effectiveness of swimming crabs (Portunus trituberculatus) using survey data collected in June, July and August 2018. We compared survey results before and after the release of hatchery-raised P. trituberculatus into the waters of Liaodong Bay, China. The wild population was relatively rare, only 2.80 ind./h prior to release of cultured crabs in early to mid-June 2018. Capture rates increased to 16.60 ind./h, 2.20 ind./h, 13.33 ind./h in mid-July, mid-August, and late August, respectively after the release of 36.789 4 million seedlings P. trituberculatus. The changes of resource density and spatial distribution of P. trituberculatus in Liaodong Bay were analyzed. The reproductive capacity of the wild population was assessed using intrinsic rate of increase before and after the release, and the proportion of released individuals in this population was calculated. The percentage of one year-aged group of P. trituberculatus was calculated by virtual population analysis, based on body size distribution. The recapture rate and economic benefits were estimated to quantitatively assess the effect of the release. The results showed that the supplemented stock accounted for 30.10% of the total catch, and one-year old P. trituberculatus accounted for 94.54% of the total catch in 2018. The total yield of P. trituberculatus was 1 890 tons in 2018, and the proliferation release recapture yield was 538 tons with the recapture rate of 9.36%. The input-output ratio was 1∶12.02. Sea sweep method estimated the P. trituberculatus stock biomass to be 2 056 tons, which is close to the actual yield of the harvest survey. It was confirmed that the biomass of the P. trituberculatus can be estimated by using the sea-sweep method in Liaodong Bay. It is suggested that the stock of P. trituberculatus in Liaodong Bay can be substantially increased to promote the restoration of the three-spotted crab population and increase the income of the fishermen.

    • Comparative studies on morphology and genetics between Acanthogobius ommaturus and Acanthogobius flavimanus

      2020, 44(8):1237-1248. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190611857

      Abstract (1199) HTML (0) PDF 2.56 M (844) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:In this study, morphological analysis, Fourier analysis of otolith and fragments of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to detect the species differences between Acanthogobius ommaturus and A. flavimanus. The results showed that there was no overlap among the number of second dorsal fin spines, the number of second dorsal fin rays, the number of gluteal fin spines, the number of gluteal fin rays and the number of vertebrae. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the contribution rate of the first principal component was 52.101%, which mainly reflected the proportion of the body shape of the fish. The contribution rate related to the characteristics of the rear part of the trunk was the highest. The comprehensive discrimination accuracy based on the discriminant function was 100%. One-Way Analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the head front indexes (such as the length of snout and the length of the upper jaw) and the indexes related to the length of the tail of two species. There are significant differences in other indicators except for the difference between them. The results of the Fourier analysis of otoliths were similar to those of the measurement characteristics analysis. The result of principal component analysis showed that the contribution rate of the first principal component was 12.181% which mainly reflected the shape characteristics of the dorsal and anterior and rear edges of otolith. The discrimination accuracy based on the discriminant function was 100%. The four fragment sequences of D-loop, COⅠ, 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA in the mtDNA of the two species were compared and analyzed. The result showed that the genetic distance between species was significantly higher than that within species based on the K-2P model. The phylogenetic tree constructed by combining the homologous sequences of other gobies in Acanthogobius downloaded from Genbank showed that the two species were clustered respectively. And the genetic difference was significant.

    • Effects of oligo-chitosan supplementation on growth performance, body composition, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant capacity of Eriocheir sinensis

      2020, 44(8):1340-1348. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190411758

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      Abstract:This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary oligo-chitosan supplementation on growth performance, body composition, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant capacity of Eriocheir sinensis. A total of 288 crabs with uniform individuals [average initial weight (16.20±1.30) g] were allocated into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 12 crabs each, and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg oligo-chitosan, and the formal trial was 56 days. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 50 and 100 mg/kg oligo-chitosan reduced the feed conversion ratio of E. sinensis and increased the edible visceral index. The inclusion of 50 mg/kg oligo-chitosan reduced the crude fat contents of the muscles and edible viscera, increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of muscles and edible viscera. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 50 mg/kg oligo-chitosan increased the alkaline phosphatase and phenoloxidase activities of E. sinensis. The results suggested that the addition of oligo-chitosan improved the growth performance, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant capacity, decreased the body fat deposition of E. sinensis. The effect is better when the dosage of oligo-chitosan inclusion in the diet is 50 mg/kg.

    • Genetic diversity analysis of SNP markers in different genetic generations and populations of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

      2020, 44(8):1249-1263. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190411731

      Abstract (843) HTML (0) PDF 2.71 M (1019) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:After high-throughput sequencing of tissue samples from Malaysian wild (MW) giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), twenty-five identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected to be the markers for genetic diversity analysis. Additionally, SNP analysis was performed to investigate the genetic diversity of five prawn groups: Shanghai cultured group (SH), Zhejiang cultured group (ZJ), Malaysia cultured group (MF), Malaysia wild group (MW) and breeding-growth strain group (BG). The expected heterozygos (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) of the genetic diversity analysis were 0.28-0.37 and 0.18-0.30 respectively, and the average polymorphic information content values of five prawn groups were 0.29, 0.24, 0.21, 0.33 and 0.26, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that the polymorphism of five prawn groups was at an intermediate level. The minimal value of genetic similarity coefficient as well as maximal genetic distance was detected between MF and BG groups, on the contrary, the SH and ZJ groups showed the highest similarity coefficient and least genetic distance. Furthermore, the highest value of genetic differentiation coefficient and least gene flow were simultaneously observed between MF and MW groups. The least differentiation coefficient and the highest gene flow were detected between SH and ZJ groups. AMOVA estimated the variation of 26.33% between groups. The inbreeding coefficient was between 0.151 and 0.342. The average inbreeding coefficient of the three cultured populations was higher than that of the MW group. At 9 out of the 25 SNP loci in five groups, the result of the genotype analysis of the BG group is contrary to the other four groups. What’s more, at 14 out of 25 SNPs, the number of heterozygous individuals is generally decreased in three cultured groups compared with the MW group. The findings of the present study provide a novel insight into the molecular basis of genetic breeding of M. rosenbergii through the specific SNPs.

    • Extraction and characteristics of collagens from the skin of puffer fish (Tetrodontiformes fasciatus)

      2020, 44(8):1349-1359. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190911939

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      Abstract:In order to enhance the added value of Tetrodontiformes fasciatus and investigate the effects of different preparations on the extracted collagen from skin of T. fasciatus, collagens extracted from the skin of T. fasciatus by acid, hot water, pepsin, papain, and ficin were used to evaluate chemical and structural properties, respectively. In this study, characterization of collagen from T. fasciatus skin in term of the extraction yield, amino acid composition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy(UV), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropheresi (SDS-PAGE) was studied. Results showed that the extraction yield of collagen obtained by pepsin was the highest, the amino acid compositions were similar and the contents were different; the content of proline in collagen extracted by 3 enzymes is significantly lower than that of collagen extracted by acid and hot water. FTIR showed collagen obtained by the five extraction methods had Amide A, Amide B, Amide I, Amide II and III, and confirmed the triple helical structure of the collagens. UV showed a strong absorption peak around 235 nm, indicating a typical collagen when combined with FTIR. SDS -PAGE analysis confirmed that collagen in skin of T. fasciatus was type I collagen, and preparations by acid and pepsin retained β, α1 and α2 chains of collagen, while papain disassociate collagen and obtained protein with low molecular mass; SEM showed that extracted collagen by acid was most suitable for biomedical materials. Therefore, different extraction methods resulted in different chemical and structural properties of fish skin collagens. The molecular weight distribution of collagen extracted by different enzymes had obvious differences. According to research needs, different preparations can be selected to develop collagen products.

    • Hydrodynamic performance and flow field visualization of hyperboloid otter board

      2020, 44(8):1360-1370. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190811905

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      Abstract:The otter board is one of the important attachments in the trawl operation system; the hydrodynamic performance is directly related to the expansion of the trawl mouth and affects its production effect and economic benefits. Hyperboloid otter board is widely used in the mid-layer trawl fishery off the Japan coast due to the high lift. The author used the single factor test method to study the hydrodynamic performance of hyperboloid model otter boards using the flume experiment and numerical simulation (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) with different aspect ratios λ (2.5, 3, 3.5, 4), camber ratio f/C (10%, 15%, 20%) and sweepback angle Λ (0°, 10°, 15°), analyze the hydrodynamic performance of the otter boards with different structural parameters, compare the results of the two methods, and visualize the flow field around the otter board. The results show: (1) No.2 otter board (λ=3, f/C=15%, Λ=10°) has the highest lift coefficient when the angle of attack is 25°, the model experiment value is 1.7, the simulation value is 1.88, and the drag coefficient increases with the increase of the angle of attack, the average deviation of the simulated and measured values of the flow velocity at the back is 4.4%, and the results obtained by the two methods are highly consistent (P<0.01). (2) In the flow field distribution, the separation point of the boundary layer of No.2 otter board moved with the increase of the angle of attack and gradually moved to the leading edge of the fore wing, the rear vortex of the central plane increased with the increase of the angle of attack, and the left side low pressure zone increased first and then decreased with the increase of the angle of attack, and the tail of the otter board increased with the angle to form a distinct wing tip vortex, which produced vortex lift to provide additional lift to the otter board, making hyperboloid have higher lift than other types otter board. The results of this study have reference value for the development of the otter board or optimized otter board performance.

    • Cloning and expression analysis of the 2-CRD galectin gene (ScGL) from Sinonovacula constricta

      2020, 44(8):1264-1274. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190611850

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      Abstract:The galectin gene from Sinonovacula constricta (named ScGL) was cloned using RACE method. The full length cDNA sequence of ScGL was 1 282 bp, which contains 35 bp 5'UTR, 329 bp 3'UTR and 918 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 305 amino acid residues. Analysis of amino acid sequences showed that ScGL lacks a transmembrane domain and contains 2 CRD unlike the galectin containing one CRD that has been identified in S. constricta. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that ScGL shared a hige degree of conservation with galectin of other species and had the similarity identity with Ruditapes philippinesis (65%), 39.74% and 44.76% identical with two galectins reported in S. constricta. ScGL was expressed in inclusion bodies with a calculated molecular mass of 34.4 ku. Quantitative real-time PCR detection results indicated that the ScGL gene was expressed widely in gill, intestine, labial palpus, mantle, exhalent siphon, inhalent siphon, foot and visceral mass, and high expression level was observed in the intestinal, visceral mass, labial palpus and foot, and the lowest expression in the exhalent siphon, and inhalent siphon. After Staphylococcus aureus challenge, the expression of ScGL in the digestive gland was significantly up-regulated at 3 and 48 hpi (hours past infection). Upon Vibrio anguillarum and S. aureus challenge, the expression of ScGL was significantly up-regulated in the gill respectively at 6 and 48 hpi. The result suggests that ScGL might participate in the innate immune response of S. constricta triggered by pathogens. The study provides the basis for further research of the ScGL in S. constricta immunity.

    • >ROUNDUPS
    • Research progress of lncRNA in aquatic animals

      2020, 44(8):1371-1383. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20191112050

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      Abstract:Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a kind of RNA with the length over 200 bp and lack of open reading frame and conserved codon, without the potential of protein-coding. lncRNA can interact with RNA, DNA or proteins to mediate the regulation of target genes and play its role at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic levels. A lot of researches have shown that lncRNA plays a key role in reproduction, embryo development, sex differentiation, immunity and metabolism. Recently, numerous research findings about lncRNAs in aquatic animals have achieved certain results. However, no comprehensive summary has been reported in this aspect so far. In view of this, this paper mainly reviews the definition and classification, biological characteristics, mechanism of action and research progress of lncRNAs in aquatic animals. The aim of this review is to provide basic references for analyzing prospects of further development about lncRNAs in aquatic animals.

    • >PAPERS
    • Reproductive biology of Urechis unicinctus

      2020, 44(8):1275-1285. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190611852

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      Abstract:The reproductive biology of Urechis unicinctus was studied by the method of experimental ecology and histology, including the sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, embryonic and postembryonic development. The optimal environmental conditions for fertility and hatching rate of U. unicinctus were also assessed by orthogonal experiments in order to provide reliable protocols for the artificial culture of U. unicinctus. The sexual ratio between the female and male was 1∶1.17 and the males were slightly more than females. The mature oocyte remained at the prophase of the first maturation division with the diameter of (145.16±1.70) μm×(141.27±1.94) μm. The absolute fecundity ranging from 111 800 to 720 488 (449 684±265 905) ind., and the relative fecundity ranging from 2 214 to 12 702 (6 849±4 854) ind., positive correlation between fecundity and weight was recorded. The biological minimum was about 7 cm of length and 11.21 g of weight. The sperm density was (5.88±0.52)×109 ind./mL, and the average number of sperm produced by each male was (2.41±0.73)×1010 ind.. Two peaks of female GSI were observed in the breeding season from April to May, which suggested the type of spawning of U. unicinctus was in batches. The trochophore was hatched after 20-24 h of embryo development under the conditions of salinity 25 and temperature 15 ℃. According to the histological observation, the oocyte of U. unicinctus was a type of mesopodium that developed into hemipolar blastocyst by unequal cleavage and spiral cleavage, and then the gastrulation was formed via outsourcing and invagination of cell migration. The postembryonic development after hatching included three stages: trochophore (1-10 d), somatic larva (11-20 d) and worm larva (21-30 d). The results of orthogonal experiments showed that the highest fertility and hatching rate was obtained under the conditions of temperature of 25 ℃, the salinity of 35, and pH 8-9, and temperature of 15 ℃, the salinity of 25, and pH 8-9, respectively.

    • Embryonic development and phylogenetic analysis of Puntius tetrazona

      2020, 44(8):1286-1295. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190411725

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      Abstract:Puntius tetrazona is a small tropical ornamental fish with high economic value. In this study, the process of embryonic development was observed. The chromosome number and DNA content of P. tetrazona were detected with the small fish swimming method and the flow cytometry. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic analysis of the Barbinae subfamily was performed with mitochondrial genome sequences. The results showed that the embryonic development process of P. tetrazona was classified into 7 stages, including the fertilized egg stage, cleavage stage, blastocyst stage, gastrula stage, neurula stage, organogenesis stage and hatching stage. Compared to zebrafish which hatched out 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) with pigment, P. tetrazona hatched 24 hpf at the water temperature of 28 ℃ without pigment. The chromosome number and DNA content of P. tetrazona are 2n=50 and 1.50 pg/2c, respectively. The phylogenetic tree showed that P. tetrazona appeared earlier during the speciation of the Barbinae subfamily. These results will provide the basis for P. tetrazona breeding and genetic improvement.

    • Effects of pond and paddy field culture models on muscle quality of Jinbian carp and Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio)

      2020, 44(8):1296-1305. DOI: 10.11964/jfc.20190411740

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      Abstract:Differences in fish species and breeding environment can impact fish muscle quality. In this study, both Jinbian carp and Jian carp were farmed in paddy field and pond, and nutritional composition, physical and chemical characteristics and texture characteristics of the muscle of the Jinbian carp and Jian carp were determined and analyzed. Evaluation of the muscle quality of Jinbian carp would provide data basis for the development and promotion of the cultivation of Jinbian carp in paddy field. The results showed that the crude fat, ash content and water holding capacity of Jinbian carp in paddy field were significantly higher than those of Jinbian carp in pond (P<0.05). Except for water content, other basic nutrient composition of Jian carp in pond and rice field had no significant difference(P>0.5).The muscle hardness, springiness and chewiness property of Jinbian carp in paddy field were significantly higher than those of Jinbian carp in pond and paddy field (P<0.05), hardness and Resilience were significantly higher than those of Jinbian carp in pond (P<0.05), and cohesion was significantly lower than that of Jinbian carp and Jian carp in pond (P<0.05). Among the 17 kinds of amino acids in 4 groups of fish, Lys content was higher than WHO/FAO standard and egg protein standard. The contents of total amino acids, total essential amino acids, total fiber amino acids and non-essential amino acids of Jinbian carp in paddy field were higher than those of Jian carp, and the EAA/TAA ratio was closer to the 40% standard required by FAO/WHO. The EAAI of Jinbian carp in pond and paddy field exceeded 100 points, higher than Jinbian carp in pond and paddy (82.31−83.36 points).Among the 24 fatty acids measured, the total amount of saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid and DHA+LA+ oleic acid of Jinbian carp in paddy field was higher than other 3 groups. The results demonstrated that both of Jinbian carp and Jian carp could be used as a prominent lysine source for human body. Jinbian carp in rice field were chewier, and its essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and highly unsaturated fatty acids were higher than those of Jian carp and Jinbian carp in pond, and the proportion of the muscles could better meet the needs of human body. In summary, the muscle quality advantage of Jinbian carp cultured paddy field is obvious, which has higher industrial development potential.

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