• Volume 36,Issue 5,2012 Table of Contents
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    • The research of copper enrichment in four types of shellfish

      2012, 36(5):708-713. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2768) HTML (0) PDF 421.64 K (2139) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:The copper enrichment effects in four types of shellfish including Tegillarca granosa, Ruditapes philippinarum, Sinonovacula constricat canarck and Monodonta labio were studied in this paper. The study was carried out through the static test method. The shellfish was cultivated in seawater contaminated with different copper concentrations (0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.035, 0.065 and 0.115 mg/L, respectively). The content of Cu was analyzed in muscle tissue using atomic absorption spectrometry with microwave digestion in 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 d, respectively. The results indicated that the four types of shellfish had copper enrichment effect. The concentration of copper in monoplacophora was higher than that in bivalvia. The copper content in T. granosa and M. labio exhibited significant increases while the concentration of copper in seawater was higher than 0.035 mg/L; The copper content in R. philippinarum and S. constricat canarck exhibited significant increases while the concentration of copper in seawater was higher than 0.025 mg/L. As a whole, the levels of copper in shellfish increased with the increase of that in seawater. When the concentration of copper in seawater increased to a value, the copper content in shellfish was low. The value was 0.025 mg/L for T. granosa and 0.035 mg/L for R. philippinarum, M. labio. As a whole, the levels of copper in shellfish increased with the increase of enrichment time. The levels of copper in shellfish showed significant decrease in 3-5 d and continued to increase after 5-10 d. The mechanisms of shellfish response to copper enrichment were investigated in this paper.

    • Heavy metals in muscle tissues and organs of fish species from Lake Baihua

      2012, 36(5):714-722. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2873) HTML (0) PDF 622.82 K (2782) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Concentrations and distribution characteristics of six heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Hg) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio sampled from Baihua Lake were studied by analysis of these heavy metals in their organs (gills, liver, kidney and heart) and muscle tissues (back muscle, abdominal muscle and tail muscle), and their associations with these heavy metals in the water were also examined. The results showed that the average levels of these heavy metals in H. molitrix and C. carpio decreased in the order of Cu> Pb> Cr> Cd> As> Hg; and Cr and Cu showed a significant correlation in the four organs of H. molitrix and C. carpio with the correlation coefficients of r = 0.878 (P < 0.01) and r = 0.972 (P<0.01) respectively, while Cr and Hg in C. carpio presented only a negative correlation with the coefficient of r = -0.782 (P<0.05). There were significant correlations between concentrations of the heavy metals in the organs of these fish species, but the average levels of these heavy metals in each organ presented low correlations with those in the sediment and overlying water samples. A cluster analysis showed that the six heavy metals in the two fish bodies could be divided into three categories. The content of as in the heart of C. carpio was relatively high, but the content of as in the different organs of H. molitrix had little difference. The level of Hg was relatively uniform in the organs and tissues of the two fish species, the content of these six heavy metals in edible muscle tissue of the fish was generally low. Since heavy metals in sediments from Baihua Lake mainly existed as sulfide compounds that were of low bioavailability, the fish species in this lake were not polluted severely with heavy metals.

    • Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal protein with soybean meal protein on the growth, body composition and hematology indices of Schizothorax prenanti

      2012, 36(5):723-731. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (3163) HTML (0) PDF 409.82 K (2441) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:This experiment was conducted to study the effect of replacement of fish meal by soybean meal protein on the growth ,body composition and hematology indices of juvenile Schizothorax prenanti. Healthy S. prenanti [with the initial weight (14.67±0.51) g]were randomly divided into six groups with three replicates of 30 fish. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain different levels of soybean meal based upon the basal diet to replace fish meal protein 0 (A1), 20% (A2), 40%(A3), 60%(A4), 80% (A5) and 100%(A6). The experiment lasted for 45 days. The results showed that the weight gain ratio(WGR), the specific growth ratio(SGR) and protein efficiency ratio(PER) were highest(118.08%, 1.95%/d, 207.22%, respectively ), the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was the lowest(1.27) when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 60%(P<0.05). The WGR, SGR, PER were significantly lower when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein of 100% ,while the FCR was significantly higher than that of the other groups(P<0.05).Based on quadratic regression analysis,the best replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 34.25%-45.46%.There were no significant difference in whole body moisture, crude ash and the condition factor(CF) with the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal increased, the crude protein in whole body was highest(15.53%) when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 60%. The crude protein and lipid in whole body had no significant difference when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was less than 80%(P>0.05). while the hepatopancreas somatic index(HIS) increased as soybean meal protein ratio increased, but there were no significant differences when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 0-80%(P>0.05). Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities have a certain fluctuation as soybean meal protein ratio increased,at the same time, SOD activities were highest when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 40%. Lysozyme(LSZ) activities were gradually increased when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 20%-60%(P>0.05). The aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)activities increased as soybean meal protein ratio increased, but there were no significant differences when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was less than 80%(P>0.05).The AST and ALT activities were significantly higher than the control group and other experimental groups(P<0.05). Results of above show that a certain percentage soybean meal protein ratio in diet could promote the growth, and improve feed protein metabolism and immunity of S. prenanti.In conclusion, the maximum replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 80% in the diets of S. prenanti, and the most suitable replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 34.25%-45.46%.

    • ATGL gene expression and the influence of n-3 HUFAs in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

      2012, 36(5):732-739. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (3141) HTML (0) PDF 628.38 K (2251) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:The partial cDNA of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) was cloned (GenBank accession number HQ845211), and the homologous alignment was analyzed in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus. The expression of ATGL gene in ten different organs was detected with the methods of qRT-PCR. The influence of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs) on its temporal expression in hepatopancreas of grass carp was also studied. The results showed that the obtained cDNA sequence is 687bp in length, and its homology with human, cow, mice, large yellow croaker, long-jawed mudsucker and other species is 65%-75%. It is revealed that ATGL is widely expressed in heart, hepatopancreas, spleen, gills, kidney, muscle, intrapaneal fat body (IPF), brain, intestine, spermary, with the highest expression level observed in IPF. The expression level of ATGL gene in the feeding trial was increased significantly during the first and second weeks, and then appeared to have no difference compared with that of control group. Our results indicate that ATGL is mainly expressed in lipid highly metabolized and deposited tissues in grass carp, and dietary n-3 HUFAs influence the expression of ATGL gene in hepatopancreas, with the expression pattern described as rising at first, then going down to the normal level.

    • Effects of yeast culture, curcumin and silymarino on lipid metabolismrelated genes expression activity of liver injured by thioacetamide in grass carp

      2012, 36(5):740-747. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2945) HTML (0) PDF 626.83 K (2855) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:To discuss and study the damage and repair mechanism of the thioacetamide-induced fish liver lesions in our research, firstly we established a liver injury experimental model of grass carp by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA). Then fish were fed with additive yeast culture dv, curcumin and silymarin for 70 days, and the hepatopancreas samples were collected. We used real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method to detect the mRNA abundance of FAS, PGC1-α, SCD1, UCP2, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and IGF-Ⅰso as to discuss the changes of the expression activity of the lipid metabolism-related genes of hepatopancreas of fishes in the experimental models as well as that which were fed with the three damage-repair additives such as yeast culture dv, curcumin and silymarin. The results showed that, after the thioacetamide induced liver injury, the expression level of FAS was significantly increased, the upstream genes regulating the lipid catabolism such as PPAR-α, ΡΡΑR-γ and PGC1-α had no significant change, while the SCD1 was significantly reduced, which may result in the increased lipid accumulation in the liver cells, so as to induce the occurrence and development of fatty liver disease. In brief, after feeding additives such as yeast culture dv, curcumin and silymarin, thioacetamide induced damage of the lipid metabolism of the grass carp hepatopancreas was to some extent repaired.

    • Correlation analysis of microsatellite DNA markers with skeletal growth traits of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

      2012, 36(5):641-646. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2881) HTML (0) PDF 437.55 K (2613) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:In this article, 106 microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genotype of sixty-two mitotic gynogenetic doubled haploids of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Measurement results of body length and height were got by directly measuring skeleton during the process of X-ray imaging. Correlation and regression analysis of the body weight, length and height were conducted by utilizing SPSS 13.0 software. Least square method was used to analyze the effects of these 106 microsatellites on body weight, length and height of these 62 doubled haploids. Results revealed that 17 microsatellites were discovered to be very significantly related to body weight, length and height. During these 17 markers, Poli2042TUF, Poli1980TUF, Poli2045TUF, Poli2039TUF, Poli34TUF, PoGT17, HLJYP45, HLJYP81 had a significant impact on body length (P<0.05), Poli102TUF, Poli136TUF, Poli62MHFS, 6-G3 had a significant impact on body height (P<0.05), Poli72HFSM、Poli106TUF had a significant impact on body weight and height (P<0.05), Poli2023TUF, Poli1013TUF had a significant impact on body length and height (P<0.05), Poli162TUF had a significant impact on body weight, length and height (P<0.05). These microsatellite markers had an advantageous effect on growth traits and these loci could be used as the reference markers for marker-assisted breeding of Japanese flounder.

    • A study on the karyotype, Ag-NORs and C-banding in Epinephelus bleekeri

      2012, 36(5):647-651. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2684) HTML (0) PDF 469.66 K (2629) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Epinephelus bleekeri is important in commercial fisheries of tropical and subtropical seas. It has been broadly cultured in many Asian countries, such as China, Japan, Vietnam and Malaysia.Despite many studies on its culture techniques, the detailed cytogenetic data of this species is still lacking. To add E. bleekeri cytogenetic data and lay the foundation for grouper chromosome evolution and breeding studies, the karyotype of E. bleekeri was studied in this paper using multiple methods, including Giemsa staining, Ag-NORs and C-banding. The following results were obtained: E. bleekeri had a diploid chromosome number of 48 and its karyotype formula was 48t, NF=48, and sex chromosome was not observed; the constitutive heterochromatin was observed at the centromeric region on most chromosomes; but only a single pair of NORs was detected at the paracentromeric region of chromosome pair No.24. Based upon above results, it is concluded that E. bleekeri was relatively primitive among genus Epinephelus.

    • A comparative study on fatty acid composition in different tissues of the wild and cultured Paralichthys olivaceus broodstocks

      2012, 36(5):748-755. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2757) HTML (0) PDF 486.24 K (2287) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Lipid contents and fatty acid composition in muscle, liver and egg of the wild and cultured Paralichthys olivaceus broodstocks were determined by biochemical methods, to ascertain their effects on the reproductive performance. The results indicated that lipid contents in muscle, liver and egg of both wild and cultured broodstocks were as follows: liver > egg > muscle. The lipid contents in muscle and egg of wild broodstocks were significantly lower than those of cultured (P<0.05), while there were no differences of lipid content in liver between the wild and cultured; 21 fatty acids were detected in muscle, liver and egg. There were no differences of SFA in muscle between the wild and cultured (P>0.05), but MUFA was significantly lower than that of cultured (P<0.05). SFA in liver and egg of wild broodstocks was significantly higher than that of cultured (P<0.05), but there were no differences of MUFA in liver and egg between wild and cultured (P>0.05); The PUFA, especially EPA and DHA in muscle, liver and egg of wild were significantly lower than those of cultured (P<0.05), but ARA of wild was significantly higher (P<0.05); The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA and EPA/ARA in muscle, liver and egg of wild were significantly lower than those of cultured (P<0.05), the ratio of DHA/EPA in liver of wild was significantly higher (P<0.05), while there were no differences of the ratio of DHA/EPA in muscle between wild and cultured (P>0.05). Results of this study indicated that, PUFA, especially DHA, EPA and ARA, could be conjectured to be essential to P. olivaceus during sexual maturation. Thus, in order to ensure the reproductive performance and quality of egg and fry, an adequate supply of fatty acids was needed, meanwhile, the proportion of several fatty acids, especially PUFA, also needed to be considered.

    • Cloning and differential expression of growth hormone in Pelteobagrus vachelli

      2012, 36(5):652-662. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (3131) HTML (0) PDF 0.00 Byte (89) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Growth hormone (GH) is a pluripotent hormone produced by the pituitary gland in teleosts as in other vertebrates. It plays important roles in the growth, development and metabolism of vertebrates. In this study, to characterize GH in fish and to better understand the potential applications of GH in fish culture, we used reverse transcription-ploymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to obtain the full- length cDNA sequence encoding GH from the pituitary of darkbarbel catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli (P. vachelli) , a freshwater fish of high commercial value cultured in China. GH precursor cDNA (GenBank:GU395549) consists of 1 203 bp in size with an open-reading frame (ORF) encoding 200 amino acid, a 77 bp 5¢-untranslated region and a 523 bp 3¢-untranslated region. The four Cys residues are located at conserved positions (Cys71, Cys173, Cys190, Cys198), and one possible site for N-glycosylation (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr, motif) is present at Asn197 . Based on multi-sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis, the P. vachelli GH precursor shared a higher degree of homology (averaged 95%) with other species of fish belonging to the Order Siluriformes, but lower levels of homology between P. vachelli and the mammalian (averaged 34%) and bird (averaged 41%). The above results reveal that GH is conserved during evolution and is suitable for phylogenetic relationship analysis of Siluriformes. By real-time quantitative PCR, tissue distribution profile showed that GH mRNA signals were all observed in pituitary, brain, muscle, liver, adipose tissue, stomach, spleen, ovary and testis. GH mRNA in pituitary was the most abundant and no significant GH mRNA expression was detected in kidney, heart, gill and intestines. The expression patterns of P. vachelli and previously studied animal GH suggest that GH through autocrine or paracrine pathway exerted its possible important local physiological function during development and growth of P. vachelli. These findings will contribute to the understanding of the evolution of GH and provide some basic information about the characterization of GH in P. vachelli.

    • Response of lipid and protein metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) to starvation

      2012, 36(5):756-763. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (3176) HTML (0) PDF 444.37 K (2798) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Starvation is a situation undergone and tolerated by many fish species in the natural environment. Starvation is also an important environment factor for fish and it can affect fish growth, metabolism, behavior, reproduction, development and survival, as well as causes fish to infect diseases even to death. In order to estimate effects of starvation on growth, physiological and biochemical parameters of grass carp, fish with body weight(31.86±1.47) g were randomly divided into two groups(the starvation group, the control group), the starvation group was starved for 15, 30, 45, 60 d and the control group fed diet which met the nutritional requirements of grass carp.The results showed, with the prolonged time of starvation, hepatosomatic index and viserosomatic index decreased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.05). During the starvation, protein and lipid contents in muscle markedly declined, and moisture content increased (P<0.05). The contents of total protein, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, ALT and ALB in the serum fluctuated in wave-like curves and decreased as a whole during starvation. As one of the important indexes reflecting the growth of fishes, RNA︰DNA ratio in muscle had no significant difference, but there were significant differences in the hepatopancreas tissue compared with the control group (P<0.05). In order to estimate the effects of starvation on the protein metabolism, the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was determined in serum, muscular and hepatopancreas tissues. The results showed that the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was increased with the time increase of the starvation in the hepatopancreas, not in the other tissues.Glutamic dehydrogenase in serum and hepatopancreas was regarded as an operative index of protein metabolization compared with those in muscle tissue. To sum up, the tested fish used the substances(lipid and protein) of body which fluctuated in wave-like curves during 60-day starvation period.

    • Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and food intake regulatory effects of ghrelin in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

      2012, 36(5):663-671. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2802) HTML (0) PDF 958.66 K (2637) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Ghrelin is one of vital brain-gut peptides involved in feeding regulation in vertebrates, and is well known for its appetite-stimulating capacity. Nucleotide sequences of ghrelin gene were identified both at DNA and cDNA levels, using homology-based cloning techniques from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). The 506 bp full-length ghrelin cDNA consists of a 90 bp 5′-untranslated region, a 312 bp open reading frame and a 104 bp 3′-untranslated region. The 103-amino acid prepropeptide encoded by open reading frame turns into a mature peptide with 19 amino acids after posttranslational modification. putative amino acid sequence analysis among vertebrates indicated that grass carp ghrelin showed the highest sequence homology with teleosts, and lower homology with other vertebrates. Comparison of the mature amino acid sequences revealed a conserved biological active core of ghrelin in grass carp. Genomic organization of grass carp ghrelin was composed of four exons and three introns, which was similarto that of most of teleostean species. qPCR results revealed that ghrelin was highly expressed in the fore-gut and spleen with much lower levels of expression in other tissues including brain, kidney, liver, muscle, skin and air bladder. The expression pattern that decreased in a short period of time after satiation, increased thereafter as starved time went on and kept at a high level implicated ghrelin in the orexigenic effect, as a signal of meal initiation, on short-term dietary intake in grass carp.

    • Study on pathogen of skin ulcer disease of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

      2012, 36(5):764-771. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2820) HTML (0) PDF 746.09 K (2699) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:The pathogen was isolated from lesion and was identified by artificial infection in order to investigate the pathogen of skin ulcer of Cynoglossus semilaevis. The morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the activity of extracellular products and hemolysin and the the sensitivity to the antimicrobial agents were studied, the 16S rRNA and gyrB genes were partially sequenced and compared with sequences deposited in GenBank, and the molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed. Four strains of dominant bacteria associated with serious skin ulcers were isolated from half-smooth tongue sole, C.semilaevis. Bacterial strain A3 was proved to be a pathogen by muscle injection with bacteria suspension, and the LD50 was 1.5×104.2 CFU/mL. The GenBank accession no·was JN391271 and JN 168881 respectively of sequenced 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene of isolate. 16S rRNA and gyrB genes exhibited high similarity with Vibrio harveyi from GenBank database. The results of physiological and biochemical tests and molecular identification suggested that the pathogen was V. harveyi. Detection of the activity of extracellular products and hemolysin showed that the strain could produce amylase, lipase, urease, lecithinase, proteinase and with β haemolysis in containing 4% defibrinated rabbit blood of TSA plates, but no gelatinase. The results of drug resistance of the pathogen to 17 antimicrobial agents showed that the strain was sensitive to tetracycline, doxycycline, norfloxacin, sulfafurazole and so on, but lowly sensititve or resistant to other tested antimicrobial agents.

    • Apolipoprotein E gene cloning and tissues expression analysis in allotetraploid and its parents

      2012, 36(5):672-680. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

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      Abstract:As a key factor in cholesterol metabolism, Apolipoprotein E is participate in lipoprotein transport and gonadal development. To understand function of ApoE, the cDNAs of allotetraploid and their parents-red crucian carp and common carp were cloned and sequenced. The full length of allotetraploid, red crucian carp and common carp ApoE cDNAs were 1393 bp, 1384 bp and 1396 bp, respectively. All the cDNAs encode 281 amino acids. Based on alignment result, ApoE of allotetraploid is more similar with common carp than red crucian carp. Meanwhile, besides characters inherited from parents, allotetraploid shows specific mutation in ApoE. By constructing phylogenetic?tree using Mega software, the phylogenetic?tree of ApoE was consistent with taxonomy: cyprinid fish are clustered together rather than other vertebrates. Realtime-PCR analysis indicated that the expression patterns of ApoE in allotetraploid, common carp and red crucian carp are similar. All the tissues had ApoE expression. The highest expression was in spleen. This research gave information in gene variation in the process of allotetraploid evolvement and lipid metabolic mechanism of fish.

    • Establishment of a TaqMan real-time PCR assay for detecting the giant salamander iridovirus

      2012, 36(5):772-778. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (3064) HTML (0) PDF 497.87 K (2610) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:A 1 392 bp coding region of giant salamander iridovirus(GSIV)MCP protein was amplified by PCR and cloned into pMD19-T vector for the construction of recombinant plasmid pMD19-T-MCP. After being identified and confirmed by PCR reaction, 10-fold serial dilutions of plasmid pMD19-T-MCP were used as standard templates for TaqMan real-time PCR to generate standard curve for quantifying the virus genomic copy number. A good linear correlation was demonstrated in the standard curve for the real-time PCR assay. The coefficients of variance (CV) were 0.52% for intra-assay tests, which indicated good reliability. The detection results showed that the specificity of this assay was high for giant salamander iridovirus without cross-reactions with DNA templates from KHV, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii and EPC cells. A minimum of 10 copies of GSIV DNA (1.1×10-3 pg/μL total DNA) could be detected, which indicated that the sensitivity of real time PCR is about 1000 times higher than that of the conventional PCR assay. The TaqMan real-time PCR assay established in this study is considered to be a powerful tool for the rapid detection and quantification of GSIV in giant salamander.

    • Determination of residues of pentachlorophenol and its sodium salt in aquatic product by gas chromatography using internal standard method

      2012, 36(5):779-786. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2762) HTML (0) PDF 542.63 K (2455) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:The aim of this study was to reduce the loss of preliminary treatment of sample such as derivatives and emulsification, to enhance the maneuverability and accuracy of method, to promote the in stability of detection. Residues of pentachlorophenol and its sodium salt in edible tissues of crucian, freshwater shrimp, cod and chinese mitten crab were determined by gas chromatography using internal standard method. Such factors as derivation method, Whether n-hexane was blowed or not for pentachlorophenol and its sodium salt were compared in this paper. Moreover, the chromatographic conditions were surveyed and optimized for detection of the residues of pentachlorophenol and its sodium salt in edible tissues. The target compounds were first extracted two times with n-hexane in an acidic medium, and then back extracted with potassium carbonate solution. The extract was derived with acetic anhydride, and the derivative was extracted with n-hexane. The HP-5MS (30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm) column and the micro-cell electron capture detector was used for the determination. This method chooses 2,4,6-TBP as internal standard substance. The working curves were linear (R2=0.9996) in the range of 0.2-20.0 μg/L. When spiked with 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, 50.0 μg/kg of pentachlorophenol and 50 μg/kg of 2,4,6-tribromophenol, the average recoveries were 85.8%-109.0% and the RSD were 0.8%-9.3%. The detection limit was 0.6 μg/kg.

    • The prokaryotic expression of recombinant heat shock protein HSP90a of Portunus trituberculatus under salinity stress

      2012, 36(5):681-685. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2839) HTML (0) PDF 517.23 K (3004) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Heat shock protein 90 is a multi-functional molecular chaperone that plays an essential role in both cellular metabolism and stress response. The swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus is an important marine fishery and aquaculture species. Water salinity conditions influence its artificial propagations significantly. In order to prove the relationships between HSP90a protein and salinity stress, we investigated the prokaryotic expression of P. trituberculatus HSP90a recombinant protein under a series of salinity stress. Based on the coding sequences of P. trituberculatus HSP90a protein in GenBank, we cloned the full length of HSP90a gene. Recombinant pET28-HSP90a prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. DE3 (BL21) under a series of salinity stress. Results showed that the survival rate of recombinant plasmid transferred Escherichia coli was higher than that of empty vector transferred cells. When the salinity challenge was close to the salinity tolerance maximum value of E. coli, the difference of survival rate between those two kinds of cells became more significant. For example, at the highest salinity challenge condition (1 050 mmol/L), the survival rate of recombinant plasmid transferred E. coli was 10.7 times higher than that of empty vector transferred cells. Therefore, our results indicated that P. trituberculatus HSP90a protein possessed protective effect against salinity stress and HSP90a protein might be involved in salinity adaptation physiological process in P. trituberculatus.

    • Genome size determination of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

      2012, 36(5):686-695. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (3486) HTML (0) PDF 612.70 K (3156) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is one of the most important economic aquaculture species in China. The study on the genome size(C-value) is highly significant because it plays an important role in instructing the hybridization breeding and improved variety breeding program, as well as in estimating the cost of the whole genome sequencing project. Previous studies mainly focused on these research areas such as ecology, physiology, nutrition etc. However, it is relatively scarce for the accumulation of basic data related to the genome size and characteristics in A. japonipus. Therefore, the measure of genome size for enriching cytogenetics data of this species is meaningful. In this paper, the genome size(C-value) of sea cucumber, A. japonicus was measured through flow cytometry in 52 individuals, which came from aestivation, normal and wild groups, using erythrocyte DNA content of chicken, Gallus domesticus(2.5pg/2C) as internal standard. The result indicates that the C-value of A. japonicus is (0.90± 0.06) pg, equivalent to (880.2±72.26) Mb. And,the C-values of aestivation, normal and wild are (0.93±0.05) pg, (0.90±0.05) pg and (0.84±0.02) pg, respectively. In addition, analyzed by Independent-Samples T Test, it shows that the C-values have no significant difference in aestivation and normal groups, whereas, the C-values of wild group and that reared in captivity group have significant difference. In other words, there is no correlation between genome size and the physiology factor-aestivation, while the stability of environment factors has certain influences on genome size variation. Moreover, the development of C-value measure method was elucidated in detail, in the meanwhile, the relationship between C-value and the evolution in Holothuroidea was discussed in combination with genome size of other types of sea cucumber.

    • Study on theory and application of government regulation to fisheries management in offshore china

      2012, 36(5):787-793. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (2536) HTML (0) PDF 345.63 K (2490) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Free access has led to the uncertainty of fishery resources’ equity. Over-investment and over-exploitation make fishery resources excessively consumed. To achieve the sustainable development of fishery resources it is necessary to regulate fisheries appropriately. Government Regulation refers to a means of government’s direct intervention in the micro-economic activities, can be divided into economic regulation and social regulation. Fisheries regulation is not only concerned about the legality of the management, but also the best issues of management, that is, the best way to make fisheries development sustainable. With the concept of binary opposition between the modern society and government and the citizens diminishing, governors and general civilian transform from the confrontation to cooperation. The traditional fishing-license-centered approach to fisheries management has not suited to the development of modern fisheries management. The fundamental problem of fisheries management can not be changed with the mode of input control and output control. So it is necessary to enhance the introduction of government regulation theory, upgrade and reform the approaches to fishing regulation of control style. Based on the theory of Government Regulation this paper offers the ‘cooperation-based governance’ mode, changes "government - the fishermen," the two sides of the game into the multi-agent management, creates a reasonable system of property rights and establishes cooperation and sharing mechanisms to achieve the purposes of fisheries management through effective incentive regulation and cost-benefit analysis.

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    • Characteristics of carbon cycles and mechanism of carbon sink in inland fishery ecosystem

      2012, 36(5):794-800. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (3123) HTML (0) PDF 481.96 K (2556) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Inland fishery carbon sink (IFCS)refers to the process and mechanism in which fishery organisms absorb and sequestrate CO2 sequestrate CO2 in the water and remove it from the water, and consequently, inland carbon sink fishery (ICSF) will be any fishery activity that effectively promotes a relative increase of IFCS. Phytoplankton fixes CO2 through photosynthesis and converts it into organic carbon. Quite much of it is taken up by major freshwater herbivorous and filter-feeding fish and mussels, and accordingly, carbon can be cascaded through aquatic food webs and removed by capture fisheries and aquaculture. Therefore, ICSF can not only provide large quantities of nutritious food, but also play a critical role in carbon sequestration and removal. Carbon in freshwater ecosystems can be made up of different chemical components, like particulate organic and inorganic carbon, dissolved inorganic and organic carbon, which are convertible with high dynamics. It is noteworthy that unsustainable fishing related activities will jeopardize the potential capacities and even ecosystem services of IFCS. Therefore, the importance of IFCS and ICSF must be highlighted. A more recent study suggested that aquaculture ponds (110 830 km2) sequester an estimated 16.6 million tonnes/year of carbon globally, and the most carbon sequestration occurs in Asia and particularly in China (94% and 55.9% of global aquaculture pond area, respectively). Fishery will be the only controllable industry that is possible to effectively increase the carbon sink capacity in aquatic ecosystem, and the carbon sink fishery will be the only carbon sink industry in aquatic ecosystem. To better understand the mechanism of carbon sink/source, the current focus of study should be on the natural laws of carbon cycles in inland fishery ecosystem (including natural waters and ponds), form conversion between different chemical components, the carbon footprint for each of the different inland fisheries and aquaculture activities, and the corresponding assessment methods and models. At the same time, attention should also be paid to calculating realistic estimates of CO2 fluxes in inland fishery waters and at the water-atmosphere interface, understanding the dynamics of carbon sink/source, and establishment of the information platform for environmental carbon/biological carbon/carbon fluxes of ICSF.

    • >PAPERS
    • Effects of El Ni?o/La Ni?a on distribution of fishing ground of Dosidicus gigas off Peru waters

      2012, 36(5):696-707. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231

      Abstract (3641) HTML (0) PDF 889.36 K (2650) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:Jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas, which is distributed in the waters off Peru, and is an important economic squid, has been caugth by many countries in the world. The study on large-scale environmental change on distribution of D. gigas is important for scientifically fishing and mastering the changing regularity. In this study, the fishing data from Chinese squid jigging fleets, sea surface temperature (SST) and the water temperatures data from 0 to 200 m (sea temperature at 15 meters layer, T15; sea temperature at 50 meters layer, T50; sea temperature at 100 meters layer, T100; sea temperature at 200 meters layer, T200) are used to analyze the large-scale environmental changes on distribution of D. gigas under the different conditions of El Ni?o and La Ni?a. The result indicated that under El Ni?o, the fishing ground was around 79°-84°W and 10°-17°S with the optimal SST range of 19-22 ℃ during October to December in 2006 and 2009, while under La Ni?a during October to December in 2007, the fishing ground was located around 81°-85°W and 10°-14°S with the optimal SST range of 17-20 ℃. The main fishing ground in the year of La Ni?a moved to further northward for 1-2° latitude and its average SST decreased 2 ℃ compared with that in the years of El Ni?o. The distribution of water layers temperature indicated that T15 and T50 in 2007 was significantly higher than that in 2006 with the maximum temperature difference of 6~9 ℃, and but T100 and T200 in 2007 was little higher than that in 2006 with the maximum temperature difference of 1 ℃. The vertical temperature structure indicated that the upwelling is not formed in fishing ground from October to December in 2006, and the fishing ground was distributed at the mixed region between oceanic water and coastal water. But the strong upwelling is formed in coastal waters from October to December in 2007, and the fishing ground was distributed at the intensive isotherm around the upwelling area. Moreover, the strong upwelling will lead to producing more nutrients in the squid habitat layer, which will be useful for squid to feed and make change of the distribution of D. gigas. It is concluded that El Ni?o/La Ni?a events are closely related to the change of distribution of fishing ground of D. gigas.

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